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PSYCHOLOGY 101 EXAM 1 LATEST
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Define science of Psychology ✔✔Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental process
Empiricism ✔✔Belief that knowledge comes exclusively through the senses or through experience
Pseudoscience ✔✔A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.
Case Study ✔✔An in-depth examination of one individual, or a small number of individuals
The Survey ✔✔An investigation of many cases in less depth by asking people to report opinions and behaviours
Naturalistic observation ✔✔recording behaviour in its natural environments, and describing it in detail
Experimentation ✔✔Purpose is to explore cause and effect by manipulating one or more factors, while holding other factors constant
independent variable ✔✔The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied (i.e if you are testing if breastfeeding kids has a difference or not in their intelligence later in life, the independent variable is breast milk and formula)
Dependent Variable ✔✔The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Difference between Descriptive and correlational research methods ✔✔Descriptive research method is to observe and record behaviour. Correlational research method is to detect naturally occurring relationships. Nothing is manipulated in these two research methods.
Biological Psychology ✔✔The basic assumption that everything psychological is biological
Phrenology ✔✔A popular but wronged theory in the 1800's that claimed that bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits.
GABA ✔✔A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate ✔✔A Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
The two types of Major nervous systems ✔✔Peripheral nervous system and the Central Nervous system
Somatic Nervous system ✔✔enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Automatic Nervous System ✔✔controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs
The Sympathetic System ✔✔Expands energy, accelerates heart rate, raises blood pressure...
The parasympathetic system ✔✔Conserves energy, decelerates heart rate, lowers blood pressure...
The peripheral nervous system ✔✔The nervous system that contains, autonomic, somatic, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The central nervous system ✔✔comprises the spinal cord and brain
The brain on average has how many neurones ✔✔40 billion
Scientific method ✔✔A series of steps followed to solve problems done in order.
- Formulate a testable hypothesis
- Select the research method and design the study
- Collect the data
- Analyze the data and draw conclusions
- report the findings
Reactivity ✔✔Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured. This is most likely when measurement procedures are obtrusive, especially if the person being observed is aware of the observer's presence and purpose
Variance ✔✔A statistic that measures the variability of a distribution at the average squared deviation of each case from the mean
belmont study ✔✔A law brought in 1974 to protect humans in behaviour and biomedical research.
Neuropsychology ✔✔Studies the connection between neuroscience and bodily systems and behaviour. (the study of the brain and nervous system)
Neuroscience ✔✔How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Glia ✔✔Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neuron's
neurons ✔✔Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
interneuron ✔✔CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Afferent nerve fibers ✔✔Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body
Efferent nerve fibers ✔✔Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
agonist ✔✔A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
antagonist ✔✔A drug that blocks or takes away from the effects of the neurotransmitter
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation ✔✔Procedure for including temporary "lesions" in which a magnetic field in passed over a particular brain region
Electroencephalogram (EEG) ✔✔Provides amplified tracings of waves of electrical activity in the brain
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) ✔✔Detects the changes in blood oxygenation in different brain regions
The Limbic System ✔✔includes components that regulate fear and aggression (amygdala) and regulate thirst, hunger, and sexual behaviour (Hypothalamus)
The Cerebral Cortex ✔✔The large, wrinkled mass inside the skull, 85% of brain weight, 2mm deep layer and its convoluted
There are how many lobes in the brain ✔✔4. Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures.
Genome ✔✔All the DNA in one cell of an organism
Polygenic ✔✔Inheritance pattern of a trait controlled by two or more genes; genes may be on the same or different chromosomes.
Phenotype ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
Genotype ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Sensation ✔✔refers to the stimulation of the sensory organs by physical energy from the external world and conversion of this energy into neural signals.
Perception ✔✔refers to our interpretation of what we sense based on experience, expectations and surroundings.
Absolute threshold ✔✔the minimum stimulation necessary to detect physical stimulation.
bottom up processing ✔✔analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
top down processing ✔✔Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
Transduction ✔✔Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
figure and ground ✔✔organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
Laws of perceptual grouping ✔✔The Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate. These "laws" suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a perception (Gestalt)
similarity ✔✔A law of organization that says that objects that look similar tend to be grouped together when we perceive them.
continuity ✔✔(Gestalt) objects in continuous form belong in group
Motion Parallax ✔✔a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene
Kinetic depth effect ✔✔movement of an object's 2-D shadow can change into perception of a 3- D objec
Phi phenomenon ✔✔An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
reversible figure ✔✔A drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth.
impossible figure ✔✔Objects that can be represented in two-dimensional pictures but cannot exist in three-dimensional space.
in attentional blindness ✔✔failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Selective attention ✔✔The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Change Blindness ✔✔Failing to notice changes in the environment (example: Guy asking for directions)
Divided attention ✔✔Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
