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Psychology 101 Exam 1 / Comprehensive
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Questions & Answers (A+ Guide Solutions.
Psychology - Answer: The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior Structuralism - Answer: Focused on the structure of consciousness and the mind (not identified with anymore) 2 Structuralists - Answer: Wundt and Titchener Functionalism - Answer: Focused on the function of the mind in helping people adapt to their environment (not identified with anymore) 2 Functionalists - Answer: Darwin and James 3 Broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena - Answer: Theoretical Propositions, Shared Metaphors, Accepted Methods of Observation Modern Perspectives - Answer: Psychodynamic, Behaviorist, Cognitive, Evolutionary Psychodynamic - Answer: started by Sigmund Freud; case studies, not easy to test or prove because of small sample size
Behaviorist - Answer: Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner; mental processes are byproducts of environmental events; experiment Behaviorist Metaphor - Answer: People are like machines Cognitive - Answer: Wundt; focuses on how people perceive, process and retrieve information (Perspective) Cognitive Metaphor - Answer: Brain like a computer Evolutionary - Answer: Darwin; behaviors have come about because they helped our ancestors survive Evolutionary Metaphor - Answer: runners in a race Biopsychology - Answer: Physical bases of psychological phenomena (sub-discipline) Developmental psychology - Answer: How thought, feeling, and behavior develops through life span Social Psychology - Answer: Influence of real or imagined others influence on the individual Industrial/Organizational Psychology - Answer: Human behavior within an organization as well as organizational problems (sub-discipline) Educational Psychology - Answer: Psychological processes in learning environments (sub- discipline)
Generalizability - Answer: how much the findings apply to your population Internal Validity - Answer: the methods are valid External Validity - Answer: generalizable outside of the lab Measure - Answer: a concrete way of assessing a variable Reliability - Answer: produces consistent results Test-Retest Reliability - Answer: being able to test the participants again over time and getting the same results Internal Consistency (or reliability) - Answer: do all of the items in a test measure the same thing Interrater Reliability - Answer: do different people rate the behaviors in the same way Face Validity - Answer: does it look like it measures what it says it measures (sometimes psychologists want this to be low) Construct Validity - Answer: does it measure what it is supposed to Criterion Validity - Answer: does it relate to other measures like it should
Error - Answer: the part of a score that is unrelated to the person's true score (some people are more inclined in certain things that could affect the experiment) Descriptive Research types - Answer: Case Studies, Naturalistic Observation, Survey Research and Correlational Case Study - Answer: in depth observation of a small group of participants (useful at beginning or end of a series of quantitative series) Drawbacks to Case Studies - Answer: small sample, not very generalizable, researcher bias Naturalistic Observation - Answer: in depth observation in the participant's natural setting, the researcher can be a covert participant or observer Drawbacks to Naturalistic Observation - Answer: researcher bias, only descriptive so we can't know what causes what Survey Research - Answer: large sample, uses interviews and questionnaires, focused on an attitude or behavior Random Sample - Answer: random people from your sample Stratified Random Sample - Answer: decides how many people from each subgroup of the population there should be Drawbacks of Survey Research - Answer: participants have to report truthfully and accurately Hawthorne Effect - Answer: change in behavior because of the attention of being studied
Interneurons - Answer: pass information between sensory and motor neurons Dendrites - Answer: receiving end of a neuron Cell Body - Answer: neuron part that processes information from dendrites Axon - Answer: sends information out of a neuron Myelin Sheath - Answer: lipid coating from glial cells (neruoglia) that surrounds most axons and enable faster signal transport Resting Potential - Answer: charge when a neuron is not firing, the Na (outside) and K (inside) ions are balanced Depolarization - Answer: influx of Na ions that makes the neuron more likely to fire Hyperpolarization - Answer: outflow of K ions making the neuron less likely to fire Action Potential (nerve impulse) - Answer: all or none triggering of nerve that passes along already created information Neurotransmitter - Answer: chemical signal that travels through the synaptic cleft (fits with a particular receptor) Synaptic Cleft - Answer: actual connection point between the axon and next dendrite
Excitatory Signals - Answer: increase action potential Inhibitory Signal - Answer: decrease action potential Glutamate - Answer: excites neurons; important in learning (neurotransmitter) GABA - Answer: inhibits neurons; important for anxiety regulation (neurotransmitter) Dopamine - Answer: emotional arousal, pleasure, voluntary movement and attention (neurotransmitter) Serotonin - Answer: inhibits neurons; mood, depression, emotional arousal (neurotransmitter) Acetylcholine - Answer: learning and memory (neurotransmitter) Endorphins - Answer: pain relief and elevation of mood (neurotransmitter) Endocrine System - Answer: a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream (able to simultaneously stimulate numerous cells) Pituitary Gland - Answer: master gland; releases hormones that stimulate other glands Thyroid Gland - Answer: growth and metabolic hormones Adrenal Glands - Answer: release adrenalin; fight or flight response Gonads - Answer: release hormones for sexual development and behavior
Medulla Oblongata - Answer: essential to life (heartbeat, circulation, and respiration); nerve bundles cross to opposite sides here (extension of spinal cord into brain) Reticular Formation - Answer: sends signals to the CNS (maintains consciousness, regulates arousal and modulates activity of neurons in the CNS) Cerebellum - Answer: involved with motor learning, movement, balance and posture (affected by alcohol) Midbrain - Answer: vision and hearing, orienting body and eyes toward a sensory stimuli Subcortical Forebrain - Answer: below the cortex, consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system, and basal ganglia Hypothalamus - Answer: involved with eating, sleeping, sexual activity and emotional experience (activates pituitary gland) Thalamus - Answer: processes sensory data and sends it to higher brain centers; regulates neural signals (emphasizes what's important) Limbic System - Answer: emotion, motivation, learning and memory Amygdala - Answer: learning and remembering emotionally significant events; involved in recognizing others emotions Basal Ganglia - Answer: involved in movement and judgements that require minimal conscious thought
Cerebral Cortex - Answer: allows flexible construction of voluntary movements; enables symbolic thinking Primary Areas of Cortex - Answer: involved in sensory functions and direct control of motor movements (more specific and basic neurons)(area) Association Areas - Answer: put together perceptions, ideas and plans (area) Frontal Lobes - Answer: movement, planning, abstract thinking, memory and some aspects of personality (lobe) Temporal Lobes - Answer: hearing, language and recognizing objects by sight (lobe) Occipital Lobes - Answer: involved in vision (lobes) Parietal Lobes - Answer: involved in touch (lobes) Corpus Callosum - Answer: connects the two hemispheres of the brain Cerebral Lateralization - Answer: some division of labor exists but each hemisphere of the brain is dominant in some functions Left Brain - Answer: language, logic, complex behavior and consciousness (analytical brain) Right Brain - Answer: non linguistic functions such as visual images, music, feeling (creative brain) Positive Psychology - Answer: there is a brain region related to happiness
