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Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, Exams of Psychology

The effects of climate change on agricultural productivity, focusing on extreme weather events, changing precipitation patterns, and the potential for adaptation strategies. It provides insights into the challenges farmers face in adapting to these changes and the role of scientific research in developing sustainable agricultural practices.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 03/21/2024

CarlyBlair
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psychological disorders
medical model -
the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have
biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
- first step is to determine the nature of problem through diagnosis; do this by assessing the symptoms
to determine the nature of the disease; these symptoms (behaviors, thoughts, and emotions) are
suggestive of a specific underlying syndrome
- however, as useful as the medical model can be, every action or thought suggestive of abnormality
cannot be traced to an underlying disease
DSM IV -
a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental
disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
- each disorder is named and classified as though it were a distinct illness
- DSM considers 1) a disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior,
thoughts, or emotions
2) the symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment
3) the symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)
- based mostly on interpretation based criteria instead of observable behavior and empirical evidence
global assessment of functioning -
a 1-100 rating of the person, with more severe disorders indicated by lower numbers and more
effective functioning by higher numbers
- used to help determine if someone, on average, has underlying psychological disorders
comorbidity -
the co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual
- is more likely
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psychological disorders

medical model - the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

  • first step is to determine the nature of problem through diagnosis; do this by assessing the symptoms to determine the nature of the disease; these symptoms (behaviors, thoughts, and emotions) are suggestive of a specific underlying syndrome
  • however, as useful as the medical model can be, every action or thought suggestive of abnormality cannot be traced to an underlying disease DSM IV - a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
  • each disorder is named and classified as though it were a distinct illness
  • DSM considers 1) a disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions
  1. the symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment
  2. the symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)
  • based mostly on interpretation based criteria instead of observable behavior and empirical evidence global assessment of functioning - a 1-100 rating of the person, with more severe disorders indicated by lower numbers and more effective functioning by higher numbers
  • used to help determine if someone, on average, has underlying psychological disorders comorbidity - the co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual
  • is more likely

causes of disorders -

  • most effective is an integrated perspective incorporates biological, psychological, and environmental factors different individuals may experience a similar psychological disorder for different reasons diathesis-stress model -
  • a diagnostic model that proposes a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event -biological predisposition or childhood trauma that leads to vulnerability, which in turn if exposed to high levels of stressful circumstances you have high probability of mental disorders sexual differences - men more likely for externalizing disorders, females more likely for internalizing disorders intervention causation fallacy - this fallacy involves the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem
  • cure doesn't necessarily point to the cause dangers of labeling - stigma associated with mental disorders may explain why nearly 70% of people with diagnosable psychological disorders do not seek treatment
  • education doesn't dispel stigmas
  • persons given a psychological disorder label may come to view themselves as mentally disordered and worthless
  • idea of learned helplessnes anxiety disorder - the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature -anxiety can be adaptive or maladaptive, when it is disproportionate to real threats and challenges -chronic stress can damage the body and/or brain
  • we can be quickly conditioned to fear snakes, spiders, but not flowers or toys
  • easily conditioned to fear angry expressions not happy ones panic disorder - a disorder characterized by the sudden occurence of multiple psychological and physical symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
  • shortness of breath, cheast pain, sweating
  • people sometimes go to emergency room in fear, etc
  • about 1/5 of people have experienced this; more prevalent among woman
  • people who experience panic attacks hyper sensitive to the physiological symptoms that accompany them agoraphobia - a specific phobia involving a fear of venturing into public places
  • mostly afraid of having a panic attack in public around strangers, as situations seem unescapable
  • often develops as a result of panic disorder ocd - a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individuals functioning
  • obsessive thoughts produce anxiety and compulsions ease them -compulsions usually cleaning, checking, repeating, ordering/arranging, counting -typically derive from concerns that could pose a real threat, albeit unlikely, supporting the preparednes theory
  • ~ 1.3 % people mood disorders - mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominate features
  • depression, bipolar

major depressive disorder - a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts two weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lack of pleasure, lethargy, etc dysthymia - a disorder that involves the same symptons as depression, except less severe, and lasts for at least two years double depression - a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least two years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

  • major depressive disorder and dysthymia seasonal affective disorder - depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern biological factors of depression - heritability estimates for major depression = 33-45%
  • drugs that increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin sometimes reduce depression
  • thus depression may be caused by a relative depletion of these neurotransmitters -depression involves diminished activity in left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in right prefrontal cortex; stroke patients w/damage to left prefrontal cortex experience higher levels of depression psychological factors of depression -
    • depressed patients distorted perceptions of their experiences and embraced dysfunctional attitudes that promoted and maintained negative mood states
  • depression is thus a vicious cycle as it perpetuates more depression helplessness theory -

dissociative identity disorder - characterized by the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individuals behavior

  • host personality doesn't know about alternate personalities, but alternates know about host and others
  • psychotherapists often blamed to causes this or coaxing clients into reporting evidence of alternate personalities
  • many patients thought to have severe childhood abuse and trauma, causing people to dissociate with the pain and horror by developing a new personality
  • however, this theory is often disproved, and it is believed that an error of memory leads to this dissociate amnesia - the sudden loss of memory for signifiant personal information dissociative fugue - involves the sudden loss of memory for ones personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity schizophrenia - the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behvaior
  • characterized by a split between thoughts, emotions, perceptions
  • must have 2or more of following symptoms for at least 6 months delusion - a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
  • false beliefs based on incorrect inferences of reality = I believe i am jesus christ, or another famous person
  • the CIA is following me, demons are conspiring against me

hallucinations - a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

  • false sensory perceptions, most often auditory disorganized speech - a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic disorganized behavior - a behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
  • reflect difficulties in organizing thoughts or focusing attention -constant childlike silliness, inproper sexual behavior (masturbating in public), walking around muttering catatonic behavior - a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidty and overactivity
  • catatonic stuporL completely unresponsive and unaware of their surroundings negative symptoms of schizophrenia - emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion paranoid type - preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations catatonic type - involves immobility and stupor or agitated, purposeless motor activity disorganized type -

personality disorders - disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

  • ~15% of people have these (brings up idea: are these just extremes of human personality, not disorders?)
  • along with mental retardation, cannot be treated
  • also, are more mild versions of other major disorders
  • personality measurement relies largely on self reports, and many people are blind to their disorder
  • peer nomination measures, in order to get a feel about a person from others odd/eccentric - schizotypal (minor schizophrenia symptoms), paranoid, schizoid (extreme introversion, humorless, distant, ADAM LANZA) dramatic/erratic - antisocial (impoverished moral sense, deceptive, lack of empathy), borderline (minor bi-polar, frequent mood changes), histrionic (attention seekers, dramatic), Narcissistic anxious/inhibited - avoidant (socially anxious and uncomfortable, but still yearning for social contact, fears criticism and worries about being embarassed), Dependent (submissive, dependent, requiring excessive approval, reassurance, and advice; fear of losing people, clingy), obsessive compulsive anti social personality disorder - a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolesence and continues into adulthood
  • have a history of conduct disorder
  • people may be glib and charming in order to get what they want
  • these people are less sensitive to fear psychotherapy -

an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem psychodynamic therapies - a general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems behavior therapy - assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom reliefs is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors exposure therapy - an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in emotional response

  • step by step build up
  • type of behavior therapy cognitive therapy - a form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world cognitive restructuring - a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
  • examine real evidence antipsychotic drugs - treart schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
  • atypical block serotonin and dopmaine