nu 674 Psychiatric Mental Healthcare II: Finals Review Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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PMHNP NU 67 4

Psychiatric Mental Healthcare II

LATEST FINALS REVIEW

Q & S

1. Multiple Choice: Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the pathophysiology of depression? a) Dopamine b) Serotonin c) GABA d) Acetylcholine Answer : b) Serotonin Rationale: Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, and deficits in serotonin levels or function are commonly associated with depression.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is a cognitive distortion where an individual views a situation in only two categories instead of on a continuum. Answer : Dichotomous thinking Rationale: Dichotomous thinking, also known as black-and- white thinking, is a common cognitive distortion in psychiatric disorders, leading to an oversimplified view of complex situations.
3. True/False: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is only used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Answer : False

6. Multiple Choice: What is the hallmark symptom of schizophrenia? a) Persistent feelings of sadness b) Delusions c) Excessive worry d) Impulsive behavior Answer : b) Delusions Rationale: Delusions are one of the hallmark positive symptoms of schizophrenia, characterized by fixed false beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.
7. Fill-in-the-Blank: The therapeutic approach that focuses on the here and now, and on challenging and changing unhelpful cognitive distortions is known as __________ therapy. Answer : Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Rationale: CBT is a widely used therapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic process.
8. Multiple Response: Which of the following medications are commonly used mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder? Select all that apply. a) Lithium

b) Clozapine c) Valproate d) Lamotrigine Answer s: a) Lithium, c) Valproate, d) Lamotrigine Rationale: Lithium, valproate, and lamotrigine are commonly used as mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. Clozapine is an antipsychotic used primarily for treatment- resistant schizophrenia.

9. True/False: Anhedonia is the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable. Answer : True Rationale: Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder and other psychiatric conditions, reflecting a reduced ability to experience pleasure.
10. Multiple Choice: Which personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy? a) Borderline Personality Disorder b) Narcissistic Personality Disorder c) Histrionic Personality Disorder d) Antisocial Personality Disorder

classifies schizophrenia on a spectrum. Schizophreniform disorder is a related condition with a shorter duration of symptoms.

13. True/False: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of obsessions only. Answer : False Rationale: OCD is characterized by the presence of obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession).
14. Multiple Choice: What is the primary goal of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder? a) To reduce psychotic symptoms b) To improve mood swings c) To enhance emotional regulation d) To decrease neuroticism Answer : c) To enhance emotional regulation Rationale: DBT is a form of therapy specifically designed to help individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder improve their emotional regulation and develop skills to manage distressing emotions and interpersonal difficulties.

Question: A 65-year-old male patient presents with new onset of memory problems, disorientation, and difficulty with language. His wife reports he has been increasingly irritable and withdrawn. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a) Alzheimer's disease b) Delirium c) Major depressive disorder d) Schizophrenia Answer : b) Delirium Rationale: Delirium is characterized by a rapid onset of confusion, disorientation, and fluctuating levels of consciousness. It is often associated with underlying medical conditions, medication side effects, or substance use. While Alzheimer's disease can also present with memory problems, it typically has a slower, more gradual onset. Question: A 22-year-old female patient presents with a history of recurrent episodes of intense anxiety, palpitations, shortness of

c) Oppositional defiant disorder d) Conduct disorder Answer : a) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Rationale: ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms can significantly impact a child's academic performance and social interactions. The child's description of difficulty focusing and disruptive behavior is consistent with ADHD. Fill-in-the-Blank: Question: The _ is a standardized assessment tool used to evaluate the severity of depression in adults. Answer : Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) Rationale: The HDRS is a widely used tool for assessing the severity of depressive symptoms. It is a structured interview that assesses a range of symptoms, including mood, sleep, appetite, and suicidal ideation.

Question: _ is a type of therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. Answer : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Rationale: CBT is a widely used therapy for a variety of mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It helps individuals identify and challenge negative thoughts and behaviors, and develop more adaptive coping mechanisms. True/False: Question: Antipsychotic medications are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Answer : True Rationale: Antipsychotic medications are effective in reducing positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions. They can also have a modest effect on negative symptoms, such as apathy and social withdrawal. Question: A patient with a history of bipolar disorder is at increased risk for developing substance use disorder.

Rationale: SSRIs are a commonly prescribed class of antidepressants. While they are generally well-tolerated, they can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and dizziness. Question: Which of the following are risk factors for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a) History of trauma b) Family history of mental illness c) Lack of social support d) Substance use e) Age Answer : a, b, c, d Rationale: PTSD is a complex disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event. Several factors can increase an individual's risk of developing PTSD, including a history of trauma, family history of mental illness, lack of social support, and substance use. Age is not a significant risk factor for PTSD. Fill-in-the-Blank:

Question: _ is a type of therapy that focuses on helping individuals develop a sense of self-acceptance and self- compassion. Answer : Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Rationale: ACT is a mindfulness-based therapy that emphasizes acceptance of difficult thoughts and feelings, and commitment to values-driven actions. It helps individuals develop a sense of self- acceptance and self-compassion, and to live a more meaningful life despite challenges. Multiple Choice: Question: A 45-year-old female patient presents with a history of recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors. What is the most likely diagnosis? a) Anorexia nervosa b) Bulimia nervosa c) Binge eating disorder d) Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

patient's description of irritability, angry outbursts, and argumentative behavior is consistent with this diagnosis. True/False: Question: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for severe depression. Answer : True Rationale: ECT is a safe and effective treatment for severe depression, particularly when other treatments have failed. It involves inducing a brief seizure by passing an electrical current through the brain. Question: A patient with a history of borderline personality disorder is at increased risk for suicidal behavior. Answer : True Rationale: Individuals with borderline personality disorder are at an increased risk for suicidal behavior. This is likely due to a combination of factors, including intense emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and a history of trauma.

Multiple Response: Question: Which of the following are common symptoms of anxiety? a) Restlessness b) Fatigue c) Difficulty concentrating d) Muscle tension e) Irritability Answer : a, b, c, d, e Rationale: Anxiety is a common mental health condition that can cause a range of physical and psychological symptoms, including restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and irritability. Question: Which of the following are treatment options for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Rationale: Stress management therapy helps individuals develop a range of coping strategies, such as relaxation techniques, mindfulness practices, and problem-solving skills, to manage stress and anxiety effectively. Multiple Choice: Question: A 30-year-old male patient presents with a history of chronic fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness. He has lost interest in activities he once enjoyed. What is the most likely diagnosis? a) Major depressive disorder b) Generalized anxiety disorder c) Bipolar disorder d) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Answer : a) Major depressive disorder Rationale: Major depressive disorder is characterized by a persistent low mood, loss of interest, and other symptoms, such as fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of hopelessness. The patient's description of chronic fatigue, difficulty concentrating,

and persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness is consistent with this diagnosis. Question: A 25-year-old female patient presents with a history of frequent episodes of intense anger, followed by feelings of guilt and remorse. She has difficulty controlling her anger and often lashes out at others. What is the most likely diagnosis? a) Intermittent explosive disorder b) Oppositional defiant disorder c) Conduct disorder d) Borderline personality disorder Answer : a) Intermittent explosive disorder Rationale: Intermittent explosive disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, aggressive behavior that is out of proportion to the situation. The patient's description of frequent episodes of intense anger, followed by feelings of guilt and remorse, is consistent with this diagnosis. True/False: