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Psych 526 Exam 2 questions and
answers graded A+ updated
Men’s Rea - correct answer ✔✔guilty mind/intentional culpability Not Guilty by Reason Insanity (or mental disease or defect) - correct answer ✔✔1) Did XXX suffer from a mental disease or defect at the time of the commission of the act alleged in the petition and, if so,
- Did this cause them to lack the substantial capacity to
- appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct and/or
- to conform their conduct to the requirements of the law Assessing NGRI - correct answer ✔✔Did they plan the offense? (capacity to control) -demonstrates control, but... -if planned, was the reason psychotic? Did the attempt to avoid detection? (appreciate wrongfulness) -Evidence they understood wrong, or... -Evidence delusional beliefs motivating need to avoid detection Myths about NGRI - correct answer ✔✔-This is a high frequency event --Rarely raised: only 1% of felony indictments --generally tends to be high expert agreement
-Defendants "get off" if found NGRI --Individuals found NGRI likely to have psychotic disorders & mental health history --70% had psychotic disorders --Other possible issues? -Neurological, Intelligence, Bipolar Psychotic Disorders & NGRI - correct answer ✔✔Main criterion for psychotic disorders: -Loss of contact with reality is key -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized behavior/thoughts Command Hallucination - correct answer ✔✔Hallucinations that direct the patient to perform an action -Related to more severe mental disorder -25% report feeling unable to resist command hallucinations -Harm to self or others risk Dusky standard - correct answer ✔✔refers to the defendant having sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and whether he has a rational, as well as factual, understanding of the proceedings against him Malingering - correct answer ✔✔The intentional faking of symptoms for secondary gain (avoid legal consequences) -This does not mean they are not mentally ill...but may exaggerate symptoms
Accuracy rates were highest with experience & focusing on deceit cues related to story (65%) Myths & Facts about Mental Illness & Violence - correct answer ✔✔-4-5% of gun-related killings in the United States between 2001 and 2010 committed by people with serious mental illness -Only 4% of violence is committed by someone with a serious mental illness -Mass shootings? 22% considered mentally ill What is the "Base Rate Bias"? - correct answer ✔✔.. Hallucinations & Violence - correct answer ✔✔30% of patients reported having had command hallucinations to harm others during the last year If command hallucinations, more than 2x as likely to be violent -Result held even controlling for substance abuse Schizophrenia alone may not matter...but specific command hallucinations increase risk Key Point (mental illness and violence) - correct answer ✔✔It is not simply mental illness but the nature of the symptoms -Threat Control Override Delusions -And/or -Command Hallucinations? Increased risk of violence
Who is most dangerous? - correct answer ✔✔Age? -18-29 year olds = 7% violent -They make up 14% of population -Schizophrenia rate? Gender? -5% of men report violent behavior in past year -They make up 49% of population Juvenile Offenders - correct answer ✔✔Unique developmental issues -Adolescence? --the transitional period between childhood and adulthood --by definition, not fully formed and in a state of rapid developmental change Frontal Lobe Deficits: Part of Adolescence - correct answer ✔✔-Deficits in interpreting social cues -negative emotions can dominate -focus on immediate award -less focus on consequences -frontal lobes not fully developed -plasticity issue -change with experience "Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence" - correct answer ✔✔-Importance of considering "development immaturity" as mitigating factor -even as cognitive capacities start to approach adult levels, juveniles often lack psychosocial maturity
Incompetent due to developmental immaturity? Anissa Weier - correct answer ✔✔-Two psychologists believed she is not competent, based on an emotional immaturity and the lack of strategic decision making ability -They found Anissa to be bright, articulate, and cooperative and agreed that she seemed to understand the serious charges she faced at least at the very broadest level But psychologists felt that in terms of applying her knowledge to decisions about things like whether to plea bargain, she lacked competence, based on her age and immaturity, not mental illness Dec 2014: Anissa ruled competent to proceed on attempted 1st degree intentional homicide They were tried as adults Sept 2017: Morgan Geyser: -plea deal reached without trial -treatment in psychiatric hospital (not prison) -sentenced to 40 years -presented as floridly psychotic when arrested and diagnosed with schizophrenia Anissa Weier -Found NGI -Minimum of 3 years in hospital -Sentenced to 25 years -Shared delusion; Schizotypy
The Case of Kip Kinkel & Developmental Immaturity - correct answer ✔✔15 years old -walked into cafeteria started shooting, two died and 25 wounded -the day before the school shooting he was expelled from school (gun in locker) -killed his father, waited, killed his mother -spent the night at home with the bodies, ate cereal, watched South Park -Both of his parents teachers -No reports of abuse The Legal Aftermath -Initially plead NGRI -Dropped because considered volitional -Plead guilty to 4 counts of murder, 26 counts attempted murder -Sentenced to 111 years in prison, no possibility of parole -1st juvenile imprisoned for life in Oregon Static vs Dynamic Risk Factors - correct answer ✔✔Static -Historical -Best predictors Dynamic -Changeable -Research on these in early stages -Guide treatment approaches Hanson Meta-analysis Risk Predictors - correct answer ✔✔Major Predictors?
- 0-1 point The Static-99 Instrument - correct answer ✔✔Combined RRASOR items with antisocial/lifestyle instability factors Theory of combining deviance & antisocial factors Static-99 Instrument - correct answer ✔✔-Due to drop in sexual offenses there are new norms since October 2008 -Probability changes: -35% for score of 6+ in 10 years vs 45% An Important point about risk assessment - correct answer ✔✔-Remember: "risk" assessment is not prediction -can't say will or will not reoffend -provide information on degree of risk Why use actuarials? - correct answer ✔✔Hanson & Morton-Bourgon (meta-analysis 2009) -Actuarial measures most accurate risk assessment methodology -Least accurate is unstructured professional judgement Clinical judgement vs actuarial assessment - correct answer ✔✔-Average accuracy of clinical judgement? r=. -RRASOR: r=.
-Static 99: r=. Strength in providing probability estimates Importance of research to anchor dynamic assessment & empirical adjustments - correct answer ✔✔-tendency to overestimate risk clinically -the comfort of false positives -the anxiety of false negatives psychologically more comfortable to say don't let him out Current state of dynamic assessment - correct answer ✔✔-better than unstructured judgement -research suggests can improve actuarial predictions - but less clear regarding probability estimates & "add on" to actuarial -Violence risk scale: sex offender (VRS:SO) -considers treatment progress/change -promising and can guide interventions & assessment of risk associated with change Hanson meta-analysis: - correct answer ✔✔-Denial, victim empathy/remorse, neglect/abuse in childhood -no relationship with risk *Factors that cause offending not always the same as risk factors for reoffending The role of child sexual abuse - correct answer ✔✔-A relationship exists/not direct causal link
Sexual Deviance, are all child molesters pedophiles? - correct answer ✔✔-43% of sample of 5223 adult sex offenders can be diagnosed with pedophilia based on history What is a PPG? What can it tell us about type? - correct answer ✔✔PPG: penile arousal test Admitted pedophiles? -Only 50-60% identified by PPG Are some rapists sexually aroused to rape? - correct answer ✔✔-yes -demonstrate deviant arousal to rape scenarios on PPG -60% of rapists vs 10% of non-rapists Diagnosing without PPG - correct answer ✔✔-Reviewing the crime? -option of consent, but force -pattern of behavior -no capacity to distort to believe victim consenting -stranger rapes Psychopathy and Sexual Deviance - correct answer ✔✔Rice and Harris (1997) study demonstrated high rate of sexual recidivism for adults if high on psychopathy (>25) and deviant preference on PPG -Referred to as dynamic duo or deadly duo
Does Psychopathy + Deviance add to Static99R actuarial assessment? - correct answer ✔✔1st finding: Review of combination -Psychopathy did not predict sex recidivism -Deviance index did predict sex recidivism "Deadly due" did NOT predict sex recidivism -did predict violent/serious recidivism Did psychopathy & deviance (in combination or separately) add to predictive validity of Static- 99R -No Static99-R was predictive, but these factors did not increase predictive ability Further research needed: - correct answer ✔✔if we have low to moderate actuarial results, can we override based on "deadly duo"? -if high doesn't typically matter in assessment Do the results of studies on Psychopathy + Deviance take into account new base rates? -are the probability estimates inflated? Can Looman's findings regarding whether deadly duo information added incrementally to an actuarial tool be replicated? Risk Assessment: It's Complicated - correct answer ✔✔-Actuarial tools best for Chapter 980 -But...how do we consider other factors of concern in risk assessment?
-the practice of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity Exhibitionism a mental condition characterized by the compulsion to display one's genitals in public. Child pornography viewing -Exhibitionists have high rates of reoffending -very compulsive cycle Sexual Compulsivity Cycle - correct answer ✔✔Negative emotion --> sexual activity masturbation --> relief from negative emotion --> Cross-over offenders - correct answer ✔✔-Most offenders have preferred type -target deviant (child) or non-deviant (adult, teen) -polygraph examinations reveal a high degree of cross-over for some offenders -can't assume just one type -full sexual history polygraph examinations common now When trying to determine the type: - correct answer ✔✔Victim types? Degree of aggression, force? Opportunistic or planned? Prefer non-consent? Prefer consent? Antisocial in general?
Pattern? Torture? Contact offenders vs. internet offenders - correct answer ✔✔Contact offenders: -higher levels of cognitive distortions, including victim empathy distortions Internet offenders: -higher identification with fictional characters. higher scores on fantasy scales, under assertiveness, and motor impulsivity Child pornography offenders - correct answer ✔✔What are contact sexual offense histories of online offenders? -KNOWN contact offense at time of arrest: 12% (1 in 8 offenders) -Self report: 55% admit an undetected contact offense Recidivism rates? -4.6% committed a new sex offense of some kind -2% committed a contact sexual offense -3.4% committed a new child pornography offense Online-only offenders relatively low risk of committing contact sexual offenses in the future (even if past history of contact offending) Female Sex offender typology - correct answer ✔✔Typologies are in developmental stage 3 types:
- Teacher-lover
Interaction of all of the above Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime - correct answer ✔✔All crime is a product of low self control + criminal opportunity Evidence: -Self control one of strongest correlates with crime -predicts for males, females, teens, different ethnic groups Self control is due to socialization (not biological) Key Parent Socialization Factors - correct answer ✔✔-Supervision -Recognition of child's deviant acts -Consistent punishment of negative behavior Theory that if this socialization does not occur the child does not develop self-control -Research supports, but also neighborhood & school Disinhibitory Psychopathology Gorenstein & Newman, 1980 - correct answer ✔✔Is there a common predisposition that runs in families and cuts across traditional diagnostic categories to explain impulsive, antisocial behavior? Can disinhibitory/externalizing psychopathology be distinguished from psychopathy -different pathways to criminal/externalizing behavior?
Hierarchical Model - correct answer ✔✔syndromes of disinhibition share a common predisposition but also have unique elements that distinguish the disorders from one another Brain mechanisms: -cognitive control, impulsivity, and sensitivity to reward -propose that individuals inherit a common liability for a range of traits and disorders related to behavioral disinhibition (or control) Environmental factors: -Person shaped AND shape the environment Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy - correct answer ✔✔Adolescent-limited versus Life-course Persistent -The Early starter (15 years or younger) -LCP --most serious delinquent offenders --this is pathway to persistent offending -The Late Starter (15+) Adolescent Limited --less serious, more likely to desist --important point: some do persist Risk Factors for Delinquency - correct answer ✔✔-perinatal problems -difficult temperament -hyperactivity -family disadvantage -peer rejection
