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PSYCH 350 EXAM 3 UMASS correctly answered 2022, Exams of Nursing

PSYCH 350 EXAM 3 UMASS correctly answered 2022

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2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

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PSYCH 350: EXAM 3 UMASS correctly
answered 2022
What is emotion? - correct answer • Transient subjective feelings (fear, elation)
• Physiological correlates (adrenaline, heart rate)
• Thoughts that accompany feelings (how to escape or approach)
• Desire to take action (fight or flight)
*An emotional experience has all of these components all at the same time*
Why do we have emotions? - correct answer • Motivate action
o Without emotions, we wouldn't act
o Need some emotion to motivate us to do anything
• Promote survival
o Negative emotions help you avoid harmful things
o Positive emotions help you approach things that are good for you
• Communicate our feelings
Darwin: origins of emotion - correct answer o Human emotions based on limited sets of
basic emotions that are species-universal
o Links are innate found in young babies (don't have to be learned)
o Direct link between inner emotional states (feelings) and facial expressions
o Facial expressions
o Indicate internal feelings: help others predict our behavior
o Expressed through consistent facial postures
o Easily identified and distinguished form one another
FACS (Facial action coding system) - correct answer • Each emotion corresponds to
distinct muscle combination
• Expressions presumed to be a window to underlying emotion
• Even a baby FACS (successful at coding most emotional expressions, but more
difficult to code than adults)
o Baby fat obscures musculature involved
o Infant's expressions are less differentiated
o Focusing on facial expressions may overestimate infants' emotional lives
Cross-cultural studies (emotion) - correct answer o Early theory: Facial expression
relativism; mimicry explains consistent
o Later: Studies in Papa New Guinea ("point to face that matches emotion expressed in
story" or "show me what your face would look like")
o Since: many arguments for universality
• Special Olympics study: Expression of blind Olympic athletes compared to non-blind.
Showed same facial muscle movement, expression of joy when they won, defeat after a
loss.
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PSYCH 350: EXAM 3 UMASS correctly

answered 2022

What is emotion? - correct answer • Transient subjective feelings (fear, elation)

  • Physiological correlates (adrenaline, heart rate)
  • Thoughts that accompany feelings (how to escape or approach)
  • Desire to take action (fight or flight) An emotional experience has all of these components all at the same time Why do we have emotions? - correct answer • Motivate action o Without emotions, we wouldn't act o Need some emotion to motivate us to do anything
  • Promote survival o Negative emotions help you avoid harmful things o Positive emotions help you approach things that are good for you
  • Communicate our feelings Darwin: origins of emotion - correct answer o Human emotions based on limited sets of basic emotions that are species-universal o Links are innate found in young babies (don't have to be learned) o Direct link between inner emotional states (feelings) and facial expressions o Facial expressions o Indicate internal feelings: help others predict our behavior o Expressed through consistent facial postures o Easily identified and distinguished form one another FACS (Facial action coding system) - correct answer • Each emotion corresponds to distinct muscle combination
  • Expressions presumed to be a window to underlying emotion
  • Even a baby FACS (successful at coding most emotional expressions, but more difficult to code than adults) o Baby fat obscures musculature involved o Infant's expressions are less differentiated o Focusing on facial expressions may overestimate infants' emotional lives Cross-cultural studies (emotion) - correct answer o Early theory: Facial expression relativism; mimicry explains consistent o Later: Studies in Papa New Guinea ("point to face that matches emotion expressed in story" or "show me what your face would look like") o Since: many arguments for universality
  • Special Olympics study: Expression of blind Olympic athletes compared to non-blind. Showed same facial muscle movement, expression of joy when they won, defeat after a loss.

Discrete emotions theory - correct answer o Emotions are innate o Each emotion associated with specific set of bodily and facial reactions o Emotions are distinct—even early in life o 6 basic emotions: Joy, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear Undifferentiated emotions - correct answer o Early emotions not distinct o Environment plays role in changing primitive emotions into more complex forms

  • E.g. wariness/fear starts a startle/pain reaction Positive emotions - correct answer • Smiling:
  • 1st month (smiling, but limited (reflexive? Prenatal (what triggered it, is it the same emotion?)?
  • 3rd month slides Negative emotions - correct answer • Newborns: present but can be difficult to differentiate (pain, fear, anger, sadness?)
  • 2 months: expressions from anger and sadness can be distinguished from distress and pain (before that it is hard to tell) The mirror task (the "rouge task') - correct answer o After 18 months infants no longer oblivious to mark or "post-it" note on their head o Measurement of self-conscious emotions (1-2 years)
  • Relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us
  • Pride
  • Guilt
  • Shame
  • Embarrassment
  • Need some sense-of-self to display these emotions Guilt - correct answer • Guilt: associated with empathy for others
  • Remorse, regret
  • Wanting to make up for their wrongdoing Shame - correct answer focus on self, rather than concern for others
  • May feel like hiding, etc. Evidence of guilt and shame - correct answer • Show the child a new doll, show emotional attachment to the doll, and ask them to watch the doll.
  • When adult returns: o Some showed shame (avoided the adult, didn't tell) o Some showed guilt (did not avoid, told her immediately, and tried to repair the doll) Eliciting guilt vs. shame (parent's reaction influence which emotion children experience)
  • correct answer • Parents emphasize wrongness of action, not child o You did a bad thing o You are a bad boy

o Can avert eye gaze to reduce distress o Infants start to self-soothe

  • Repetitive rubbing/stroking of bodies
  • Self-distraction by gazing at neutral or positive objects o Self-soothing at 1-2years
  • Greater control over body and attention
  • Language
  • Brain maturation (frontal lobe) The Somerville study - correct answer o 40 year longitudinal study of 450 boys o 2/3 of boys from families on welfare o 1/3 of boys had IQs below 90 o **No relationship between IQ and success o Childhood abilities to handle frustration, control emotion, and get along with other people did predict success in work and life Marshmallow test - correct answer o About 1/3 of the kids ate the candy right away o About 1/3 waited 20 minutes for the experimenter to return o Regulation strategies: talking to themselves, singing, sleeping, making up games to play
  • Delaying gratification (a fundamental skill) o Predicts future social, emotional, and academic competence o Kids who waited had better social and academic competence, higher verbal fluency, higher levels of rational thinking, were more attentive, better at making and sticking to plans, more able to adapt o 20 years later are still more socially competent, planful, etc.
  • Temperament o Constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and intentional reactivity and self-regulation New York longitudinal study - correct answer o Repeatedly interviewed parents in depth about infants' specific behaviors o Babies categorized into 3 groups: o Easy (40% of babies) didn't get upset easily, easily soothed o Difficult (10%) upset easily, hard to calm them down o Slow-to-warm-up (15%) at first look difficult, but after time they look like easy babies o Remaining 35% didn't fit squarely into others o Do fussy babies turn into whiny adults? Yes o Higher 'fearful distress' in infancy
  • More fear in novel situations at age 2
  • More social inhibitions at age 4. o Tendency for negative emotion at age 3
  • More negativity at ages 6 and 8 o Greater ability to focus attention in preschool
  • Greater ability to focus attention at ages 11 and 12 o Temperament and social adjustment
  • Temperament is central to development of social skills
  • Being able to act positively towards others makes you nicer to be around Standing against behaviorism (Dr. Benjamin Spock) - correct answer o Revolutionary ideas
  • Do what feels right for you, and you probably won't go wrong
  • Attachment and the emotional relationship between parent and child
  • Most of all, children need to feel loved, almost everything else would follow Caregiver-child attachment, Harry Harlow monkey experiments - correct answer • Monkey spends most time with cloth mother whether it has food or not
  • Monkeys with only a wire mother exhibited extremely abnormal social and emotional behavior as adults o Excessive and misdirected aggression o Stereotyped motor behavior o Abnormal sexual behavior o Extremely poor parenting by 'motherless mothers' John Bowbly: Observations of children separated from their mothers (in orphanages of children who had limited interaction with caregiver) - correct answer o Were listless and depressed o Were emotionally disturbed o Had feelings of emptiness o Had lost interest in life o Were unable to develop normal emotional relationships Felon Mothers (studies by French psychoanalyst Rene Spitz, 1946-1948): o Separating children from felon mothers: good or bad? - correct answer o Results by age 1: o Orphanage:
  • 25 % of kids died
  • Average IQ: 72 o In prison with mother:
  • 0 died
  • Average IQ: 105 Freud attachment theory - correct answer • Importance of mother-child relationship
  • Infant as 'needy and dependent, motivated by drive reduction' Bowlby attachment theory - correct answer • Attachment process rooted in evolution
  • Innate basis, but quality of attachment highly dependent on infants' experience with caregivers 4 stages to Bowlby attachment theory - correct answer o 1. Preattchment (birth to 6 weeks)

What predicts attachment? - correct answer o Parenting style o Parental sensitivity

  • Responsiveness of caregiving
  • Acceptance of caregiver role
  • Cooperation/patience
  • Gentle persuasion vs. demanding o Most crucial factor affecting security of attachment
  • Only 38% of babies with 'insensitive' mothers have secure attachment (usually 68%) Gender development (biological) - correct answer o Evolutionary perspective
  • Behavioral sex differences emerged due to reproductive advantages (spatial reasoning; physical aggression in males), (alliance-building, impulsive control in females)
  • Boys tend to be more physically aggressive, active
  • Girls tend to be more focused on socialization, relationships Socialization - correct answer o Learning theories: Children are clearly influenced by their social environment Social learning theory - correct answer People naturally learn through observation
  • Spend more time with same sex
  • Children observe what is appropriate behavior for their own sex
  • Research: children attend to and imitate same sex models vs. opposite-sex models more explicit teaching - correct answer : gender-essentialist statements (boys play football vs. those boys are playing football) implicit teaching - correct answer types of conversations (comments about appearance/feelings, explanations) o Influenced by the degree of gender typing they experience in the home (always see mom cleaning the kitchen, dad mowing the lawn) Cognitive perspective - correct answer o Focuses on how children's developing understanding of what it means to be a boy or girl shapes their acquisition of gender- related behavior ("self socialization" → what does the child do, pay attention to) Kohlberg's theory of gender development - correct answer Children actively construct gender knowledge in the same way they construct other knowledge about the world moral development - correct answer • Approaches to morality: Moral reasoning, moral feelings, moral action
  • Moral judgments are not always straight forward Piaget's theory on moral development - correct answer o Observed children's games (marbles): right or wrong to break rules

o Conducted open-ended interviews...

  • Young children (about 6 years) weighed amount of damage (outcome) more heavily than intentions
  • Older children (about 10 years of age) weighted intention o 2 developmental stages (moral realism (consequentialists), moral relativism (intentions)) Kohlberg's theory on moral development 3 - correct answer o Strongly influenced by Piaget o Studied moral reasoning in response.. o The why reflects moral reasoning Preconvention (6-10 years) - correct answer • Self-centered reasoning
  • Getting rewards and avoiding punishment Conventional (14 years) - correct answer • Intentions and motives more salient
  • Centered on social relationships
  • Conform to norms of majority (do right so you're considered good) Post conventional/principled - correct answer • Centered on ideas (life and liberty)
  • Recognize relative, arbitrary nature of some rules Moral dumbfounding - correct answer o Stubborn and puzzled maintenance of a moral judgment without supporting reasons (incest story) Specie level - correct answer • Humans are predisposed to be prosocial
  • Kin altruism (family members)
  • Reciprocal altruism (community; I help you, you help me) Individual level - correct answer • Twin studies of prosocial behaviors: Identical > fraternal o Temperament differences Environmental factors - correct answer • Socialization: values conveyed by parents/culture
  • Family factors (influenced by socialization) o Model and communicate values (explain positive consequences) o Provide opportunities (volunteering) o Discipline and parenting style Authoritarian - correct answer Relies on the use of forceful commands, physical punishment, and removal of material objects or privileges to influence behavior ("power assertion") Authoritative - correct answer Relies on the extensive use of reasoning and explanation, as well as the arousal of empathic feelings to influence behavior ("inductive discipline")