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psych 301 exam 2 questions with
complete solutions
What happens in gastrulation? a. The gastrointestinal system is formed b. The first neurons are born c. The 3 germ layers are generated d. The neural tube is formed - correct answer โโc. The 3 germ layers are generated Which structure is the origin of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? a. Neural tube b. Neural groove c. Neural crest d. Notochord - correct answer โโc neural crest Neural Tube Defects occur due to ______. a. Degeneration of neural tube b. Obstruction of neural tube c. Incomplete closure of neural tube d. Closure of neural tube - correct answer โโc. incomplete closure of neural tube In what stage of development do we have more neurons and more synapses than any other stage? a. Late adulthood b. Adolescence c. Early adulthood d. Early childhood - correct answer โโd. early childhood New neurons are generated in adulthood ______.
a. in some people b. in the whole brain c. in very few brain regions d. nowhere in the brain - correct answer โโc. in very few brain regions Which process is required for the formation of brain circuits? a. All of the above b. Differentiation of neurons c. Neuronal migration d. Axonal pathfinding - correct answer โโA. All of the above Experience-dependent plasticity refers to the requirement of ______ for proper formation of brain circuits in the sensory cortex. a. chemical groups b. motor output c. sensory input d. genes - correct answer โโc. sensory input Which phenomenon is an example of importance of experience-dependent plasticity? a. Difficulty learning a new language in adulthood b. Amblyopia c. All of the above d. Visual deprivation experiments - correct answer โโc. All of the above Receiving ______ helps active synapses successfully connect to their targets in the developing cortex. a. neurotrophic factors b. chemo-attractants c. methyl groups d. chemo-repellents - correct answer โโa. neurotrophic factors
c. Prefrontal cortex d. Piriform cortex - correct answer โโc. Prefrontal cortex Which statement is correct about the size of human brain? a. There is some evidence that human brain size started to increase in size 3000 years ago b. There is some evidence that human brain size started to decrease in size 3000 years ago c. Humans have the largest brain among all animals d. The brain size is a reliable measure of intelligence - correct answer โโb. There is some evidence that human brain size started to decrease in size 3000 years ago Which is a common feature of most sensory systems? a. Thalamus connections b. Brainstem connections c. All of the above d. Crossing over to opposite side (decussation) - correct answer โโc. All of the above Which mechanoreceptor is most useful for reading the Braille letters? a. Meissner b. Pacinian c. Merkel d. Ruffini - correct answer โโc. Merkel Most sensitive areas in the somatosensory system have the ______ receptive fields and the ______ cortical areas represented in homunculus. a. largest - smallest b. smallest - smallest c. largest - largest d. smallest - largest - correct answer โโd. smallest - largest
Which structure acts as a "relay center" for most incoming sensory pathways? a. Hippocampus b. Thalamus c. Cerebellum d. Hypothalamus - correct answer โโb. Thalamus Which statement is correct? a. Only Dorsal Column pathway decussates b. Only Anterolateral pathway decussates c. Dorsal Column pathway and Anterolateral pathway both decussate but at different levels d. Dorsal Column pathway and Anterolateral pathway both decussate and at the same level - correct answer โโc. Dorsal Column pathway and Anterolateral pathway both decussate but at different levels Which statement is correct about the pain and temperature sensations? a. Pain and temperature have separate pathways b. Pain and temperature transmit through the dorsal column pathway c. Pain and temperature are sensed by free nerve endings d. Pain and temperature are sensed by mechanoreceptors - correct answer โโc. Pain and temperature are sensed by free nerve endings Nociceptors have ion channels that open in response to ______. a. All of the above b. Capsaicin c. Acidity d. Heat - correct answer โโa. All of the above Neuropathic pain ______. a. can be relieved by inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis b. does not respond to regular painkillers
Where are the lower motor neuron (LMN) cell bodies located? a. Ventral root ganglia b. Dorsal horn of spinal cord c. Ventral horn of spinal cord d. Dorsal root ganglia - correct answer โโc. Ventral horn of spinal cord Which is the main neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction? a. GABA b. Serotonin c. Dopamine d. Acetylcholine - correct answer โโd. Acetylcholine Which brain structure is most relevant for balance and coordination? a. Motor cortex b. Cerebellum c. Spinal cord d. Basal ganglia - correct answer โโb. Cerebellum Which cranial nerves are responsible for pupillary reflex? a. I and VIII b. IV and VI c. V and VII d. II and III - correct answer โโd. II and III Where is the blind spot located on the retina? a. Optic disc b. Macula c. Fovea
d. Photoreceptor layer - correct answer โโa. Optic disc Which neuron layer makes up the optic nerve? a. Ganglion cells b. Horizontal cells c. Bipolar cells d. Amacrine cells - correct answer โโa. Ganglion cells Color vision requires ______. a. Ciliary muscles b. Iris c. Cones d. Rods - correct answer โโc. Cones In photoreceptors, the sensory transduction begins with ______ of the membrane and ______ release of neurotransmitter in response to light. a. hyperpolarization - reduced b. depolarization - increased c. hyperpolarization - increased d. depolarization - reduced - correct answer โโa. hyperpolarization - reduced The higher rate of dichromacy in men and the presence of tetrachromacy in some women is due to ______. a. Hormonal difference b. Location of green and red cone opsin genes on X chromosome c. Cultural influences d. None of the above - correct answer โโb. Location of green and red cone opsin genes on X chromosome
a. Cochlea b. Middle ear c. Outer ear d. Vestibular system - correct answer โโb. Middle ear Wave-like movement of basilar membrane is transmitted to tectorial membrane, which leads to bending of stereocilia and thereby opening of ______ channels. a. Na+ b. Ca2+ c. K+ d. Cl- - correct answer โโc. K+ The cochlea is organized by sensitivity to gradually decreasing ________ of sound. a. intensities b. harmonics c. frequencies d. complexities - correct answer โโc. frequencies Which type of hair cell connections convey information to the brain about the state of basilar membrane? a. OHC efferents b. OHC afferents c. IHC efferents d. IHC afferents - correct answer โโb. OHC afferents Which type of hearing loss is treated with cochlear implants? a. Conductive hearing loss b. Sensorineural hearing loss c. Cortical deafness
d. Word deafness - correct answer โโb. Sensorineural hearing loss Motion sickness occurs due to ______. a. Overactivation of vestibular system b. Overactivation of proprioception c. Loss of vestibular system d. Loss of of proprioception - correct answer โโa. Overactivation of vestibular system Cells that sense ______ taste have lower threshold (higher sensitivity) compared to cells sensing other tastes. a. Sweet b. Bitter c. Sour d. Salty - correct answer โโb. Bitter Which primary tastes are sensed using G-protein-coupled receptors? a. Bitter, salty b. Umami, sour c. Sweet, sour d. Sweet, bitter, umami - correct answer โโd. Sweet, bitter, umami Which part of the brain is considered the secondary cortex for both taste and smell? a. Orbitofrontal cortex b. Cingulate cortex c. Insular cortex d. Pyriform cortex - correct answer โโa. Orbitofrontal cortex Which one is a unique feature of the olfactory system compared to other sensory systems? a. New olfactory neurons are produced in adulthood
