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Psych 235 Exam #3 questions well
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Which is an example of the moralistic fallacy when it comes to studies of the biological basis of human behavior? A. Because women can nurse infants, they should always be stay-at-home mothers & fathers should not take care of offspring B. Cheating & infidelity are wrong, so there is no genetic component to whether or not some individuals are more likely to cheat on their partner C. Homicide is a natural expression of frustration, as it is common in modern hunter-gatherer human populationsD. Cheating on a partner is acceptable because many traditional (long ago) human societies were polygynous E. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔B. Cheating & infidelity are wrong, so there is no genetic component to whether or not some individuals are more likely to cheat on their partner Predators can induce elevations in glucocorticoid levels (GCs) in pregnant or lactating mothers, which affects the characteristics of their offspring. Why might these changes in offspring be beneficial? A. Offspring whose mothers experienced elevated GCs may expect to encounter a high predation environment & and their characteristics are "matched" to this anticipated environment B. Offspring may exhibit increased responsiveness to stressors that they encounter in the future & this could allow them to exhibit a better "fight or flight" response when they encounter a predator later in life C. If offspring exhibit increased responsiveness to stressors that they encounter in the future, it may affect neurons in the amygdala that in turn elevates their levels of fear & anxiety in the high predation environment & therefore increase their ability to survive the environment with lots of predators D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔
Which of the following results illustrate that nurture (environmental experiences) can overwhelm nature (genetic factors) when it comes to the development of behavior? A. Bird species will try to mate with individuals of their same species even if they do not encounter individuals of their same species soon after hatching B. Bird species that migrate do not adjust their migratory pathway depending upon where they were raised C. Male zebra finches that do not hear a song tutor early in life are still able to produce courtship songs as an adult D. If zebra finches have reduced expression of the FOXP2 gene, they exhibit a reduced ability to learn songs from their song tutor E. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔E. None of the above Non-venomous snakes appear to mimic the color patterns of venomous coral snakes. What is this called? A. Batesian mimicry B. Müllerian mimicry C. Camouflage D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔A. Batesian mimicry Peppered moths (prey items for birds) exhibit two different color patterns: they are either all black or exhibit a salt/pepper color. Pretend you studied these moths in three different forests. You found that Forest #1 had both black & salt/pepper moths, Forest #2 had only salt/pepper moths, and Forest #3 had only black moths. These moths rest on tree trunks and all of the forests had the same color of trees. You then investigated the survival of moths in these three different forests. Which of the following might you predict about the survival of these moths? A. Moths in Forest #1 would have the highest survival, because bird predators would have a decreased ability to form search images for the moths B. Moths in Forest #2 will have the highest survival, because bird predators would have a decreased ability to form search images for the moths
One type of epigenetic mechanism is cytosine methylation. What does methylation cause? A. Change in the DNA sequence B. A reduction in gene transcription C. DNA to degrade D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔B. A reduction in gene transcription Which of the following statements about why some species have bigger brains than others is/are FALSE? A. Species that live in environments with greater variability may need to have a larger brain to deal with the unpredictability B. Species that colonize new areas, like cities, may need a larger brain to cope with novel features of those environments like how to avoid being killed by cars C. Highly social species that live in social groups may need a larger brain to keep track of their social interactions with other individuals in their social group D. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔D. None of the above Why are alpha-fetoprotein & aromatase important when it comes to the development of sex differences in sexual behavior in rats? A. Alpha-fetoprotein prevents testosterone from entering the female brain & aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol in the male brain B. Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by mothers & prevents aromatase from crossing over the placenta to "masculinize" daughters C. Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by male offspring & allows testosterone to enter their brain where aromatase converts it to estradiol D. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔A. Alpha-fetoprotein prevents testosterone from entering the female brain & aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol in the male brain
How do we know that the level of licking-grooming & arch-backed nursing (LG-ABN) provided by female rats causes changes in offspring stress physiology through epigenetic (DNA methylation) mechanisms? A. Offspring produced by low LG-ABN mothers that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit a similar number of glucocorticoid receptors in the brain as offspring from high LG-ABN mothers B. Offspring produced by a mother exhibiting low LG-ABN that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit an increased size of the sexually-dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area C. Offspring produced by a mother exhibiting high LG-ABN exhibit greater levels of neophobia & an increased responsiveness to stressors D. Offspring produced by a low LG-ABN mothers that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit a reduction in the number of glucocorticoid receptors compared to those offsp - correct answer ✔✔A. Offspring produced by low LG-ABN mothers that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit a similar number of glucocorticoid receptors in the brain as offspring from high LG-ABN mothers If a study concluded that participation in physical exercise in humans was "not heritable", which of the following should be TRUE regarding the relationship between the trait (exercise participation) between parents & their offspring? A) A large positive correlation between offspring & their genetic parents B) A large positive correlation between offspring & their foster parents C) A large negative correlation between offspring & their foster parents D) None of the above - correct answer ✔✔B) A large positive correlation between offspring & their foster parents Which of the following statements about the brain or brain size is TRUE? A. Whales have the largest residual brain mass compared to all other species B. If you compared a rodent vs. a primate species, assuming that their body mass was about the same, the primate would have many more neurons in its brain
D. Simple Mendelian inheritance cannot control complex tunnel building behavior - correct answer ✔✔A. The length of entry tunnels is inherited & affected by genes You inject a newborn female guinea pig with testosterone. In adulthood, this female exhibits mounting behavior when in the presence of other females & you find that the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is similar to the average size for males. What experiment could you perform to make this adult female display lordosis, the female-typical sexual behavior, instead?A. You could inject the female with estrogen to cause lordosis B. You could inject the female with a testosterone inhibitor (a chemical substance that blocks the synthesis of testosterone) to cause lordosis C. You could remove the ovaries & then inject the female with estrogen to cause lordosis D. You cannot reverse the mounting behavior to cause lordosis, the testosterone administered shortly after birth permanently altered neural pathways - correct answer ✔✔D. You cannot reverse the mounting behavior to cause lordosis, the testosterone administered shortly after birth permanently altered neural pathways Sensory systems influence animal fitness & are shaped by natural selection. Suppose a certain fish species can detect how far away a shark is with sensory neurons. Which of the following neural controls of behavior is most feasible? A. Sensory neurons transmit information to the brain, which then acts on motor neurons to stimulate muscles to swim erratically to escape from the shark B. Sensory neurons transmit information to the brain, which then acts on motor neurons to stimulate muscles to swim towards the shark to sacrifice itself for the good of the school of fish C. Sensory neurons transmit information to the hypothalamus of the brain, which then starts the process of sex hormone production to help increase reproductive output before attack D. Sensory neurons transmit information to the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone to decrease blood pressure in case of an attack - correct answer ✔✔A. Sensory neurons transmit information to the brain, which then acts on motor neurons to stimulate muscles to swim erratically to escape from the shark What might favor the evolution of long-distance migratory behavior in a mammalian species?
A. If the species lives in an area (e.g., isolated island) where it has no major predators B. If the species is non-social & individuals never gather as a group C. The species does not have a seasonal food source (its major food source is available across all seasons in the year) D. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔D. None of the above Which of the following characteristics might be favored by natural selection in prey animals to limit the ability of their predators to detect them? A. Looking different from other individuals in your population B. Making a predator sick if they eat you C. Having a part of your body that is removable (e.g., tail) D. Very bright "warning" colors - correct answer ✔✔A. Looking different from other individuals in your population You perform a cross-fostering experiment with squirrel pups & you follow & observe these pups to adulthood. You find that as adults, the squirrel's aggressive rattle call frequency matches that of their foster parents & not that of their genetic parents. You conclude: A. The rattle call frequency trait is heritable B. The rattle call frequency trait is driven by natal environment C. You could artificially select squirrels to have frequent aggressive rattle calls D. The average of both genetic parent's rattle call frequency will accurately predict the rattle call frequency of the offspring - correct answer ✔✔B. The rattle call frequency trait is driven by natal environment Larval fruit flies forage for food either by roving or sitting. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the genetic basis of their foraging behavior? A. Rovers with the gene roving forage over longer distances because they have higher levels of oxytocin in their brain
Which of the following result would support the "life dinner principle" in garter snakes & newts in the western United States? A. Areas where there are highly resistant snakes but NOT toxic newts B. In all study areas, newts are always more toxic than the most resistant snake C. Snakes are always more resistant than the most toxic newt in all of the study areas D. The most toxic newts & most resistant snakes generally reside in the same location E. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔B. In all study areas, newts are always more toxic than the most resistant snake Imagine you really liked it when cats meowed & you wanted to make a new breed of cat that just meowed all the time. What would be required to make this happen ?A. You would need to use artificial selection to increase the likelihood that offspring emit meows compared with their parents B. Breeding a female cat that meows a lot with a male cat that meows a lot over a number of generations C. Cats would have to differ genetically in their likelihood of emitting meow D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔D. All of the above A "candidate gene" is: A. A gene that is resistant to DNA methylation B. A gene that is found to be common across all animals & evolutionarily conserved C. A gene that regulates the activity of a secondary gene downstream D. A gene discovered in one species to alter behavior, that may affect a similar behavior in other species - correct answer ✔✔D. A gene discovered in one species to alter behavior, that may affect a similar behavior in other species Which of the following is TRUE regarding the nervous system of moths (prey) & how they detect bats (predators) in their environment?
A. A2 cell receptors enable moths to tell whether the bat is far away, moderately close, or very close B. A moth that has low activity of A2 receptors should drop out of the sky because a bat is immediately behind them C. If the A2 cell receptors are highly activated, a moth should drop out of the sky as they are only activated when the bat is very close D. A1 & A2 receptors can tell a moth whether a bat is distant or near, but not whether the bat is flying towards the moth from the left or right side - correct answer ✔✔C. If the A2 cell receptors are highly activated, a moth should drop out of the sky as they are only activated when the bat is very close Which of the following are examples illustrate that behavior is learned or caused by the environment? A. Migratory birds try to migrate in the same direction as their parents did even if they never experienced those conditions B. Goose chicks (goslings) try to mate with members of their own species even if they were not around them when they first hatched from their eggs C.Subordinate African cichlid fish will still behave submissively if the dominant male is removed from their social group D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔A. Migratory birds try to migrate in the same direction as their parents did even if they never experienced those conditions Which of the following results would support the hypothesis that stotting behavior in antelope evolved to reduce predation attempts by cheetah? A. Cheetahs often catch antelope even if the antelope exhibit stotting behavior B. Antelopes that exhibit stotting behavior are better able to escape from a cheetah C. Cheetahs do not give up on chasing a group of antelope even if one individual antelope in the group exhibits stotting behavior D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔B. Antelopes that exhibit stotting behavior are better able to escape from a cheetah
In African cichlid fish, males live in social groups where most males are subordinate, but one male is behaviorally dominant. What happens to subordinate male cichlids when the dominant male is removed from their social group? A. The size of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus of subordinates decreases B. Testosterone levels in subordinates do not change but glucocorticoids increase C. Expression of the GnRH gene in the hypothalamus of subordinates increases D. Estradiol enters the brain & reduces the activity of an enzyme that causes DNA methylation E. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔C. Expression of the GnRH gene in the hypothalamus of subordinates increases We discussed the potential causes of sex differences in rodents & birds. How do studies on gynandromorph animals help us to identify the origin of sex differences in brains & behavior? A. They show that both male birds & mammals have a Y chromosome (sry gene) & this causes them to experience greater exposure to testosterone early in life B. They show that sex differences in the sizes of brain regions responsible for song production in birds are entirely caused by early life exposure to testosterone C. They show that differences in sex chromosomes cause some of the sex differences in the sizes of brain regions responsible for song production D. They show that sex differences in the brain are due to the gonadal production of testosterone & its conversion to estradiol in the brain - correct answer ✔✔C. They show that differences in sex chromosomes cause some of the sex differences in the sizes of brain regions responsible for song production In rats, males mount females & females exhibit lordosis. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the development of sexual behavior in rats? A. If you give female rats testosterone sometime in the first few days after birth, they will not exhibit lordosis as adults and may even try to mount other females B. If you castrate male rats soon after they are born, they will not try to mount females when they are adults
C. If you castrate male rats soon after they are born but also give them either testosterone or estradiol, they will try to mount females as adults D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔C. If you castrate male rats soon after they are born but also give them either testosterone or estradiol, they will try to mount females as adults Which of the following statements about epigenetics is TRUE? A. The expression of hormone receptors (like glucocorticoid receptors) in the brain is largely genetically inherited & not affected by epigenetic mechanisms B. Estrogens (estradiol) in the brain can reduce methylation in the sexually-dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male rats C. The amount of maternal care a female rat provides her offspring can methylate & therefore eliminate a specific gene from the genome of her offspring D. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔B. Estrogens (estradiol) in the brain can reduce methylation in the sexually-dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male rats We discussed an example of the inheritance of fear conditioning in rats. What did this example show? A. Both offspring & grandoffspring produced by males that were fear conditioned to acetophenone were more likely to be startled by any smells that they were exposed to it, even if they were never fear conditioned B. Both offspring & grandoffspring were more likely to be startled if exposed to the same smell their father or grandfather were fear conditioned on & this was due to an increase in the size of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus C. Both offspring & grandoffspring were more likely to be startled if exposed to the same smell their father or grandfather were fear conditioned on, even though they never experienced that smell paired with foot shock D. Offspring but not grandoffspring were more likely to be startled if exposed to the same smell their father or grandfather were fear conditioned on, even though they ne - correct answer ✔✔C. Both offspring & grandoffspring were more likely to be startled if exposed to the same smell their father or grandfather were fear conditioned on, even though they never experienced that smell paired with foot shock
D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔B. Prey animals using disruptive coloration to reduce detectability typically have light & dark stripes or dark spots on a lighter background If domestic cats that are left at home without their caretaker experience "depression" and this elevates their glucocorticoid levels, how could this influence their behavior? A) It may increase overall hippocampal size & improve their spatial memory B) It may damage neurons in the hippocampus & decrease overall hippocampal size, thereby affecting their spatial memory C) It may damage and shrink the sizes of neurons in the amygdala, influencing their anxiety-like behavior D) None of the above - correct answer ✔✔B) It may damage neurons in the hippocampus & decrease overall hippocampal size, thereby affecting their spatial memory Natal dispersal can carry fitness costs and benefits. Of the following, which is/are true based upon our discussion of natal dispersal in lecture? A. Siblings (sisters and brothers) usually travel together during dispersal and can set up their own population even though they need to breed with one another B. Offspring often avoid the energetic costs of dispersal by staying close to their relatives and because breeding with relatives has little fitness costs C. Dispersing individuals have to travel through unfamiliar areas where they usually have a higher risk of predation D. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔C. Dispersing individuals have to travel through unfamiliar areas where they usually have a higher risk of predation Predators like coyotes can increase the glucocorticoid levels of their prey (like rabbits) due to the "fear" of predation. Why might this increase in glucocorticoids in rabbits be adaptive? A. It may cause the prey to be more fearful of open areas where predators are found B. It could increase their sensitivity to coyote stimuli so that they quickly detect them C. It may enlarge the length of dendrites on the neurons in the amygdala
D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔D. All of the above A number of experimental studies found that gut microbiota are causally related to variation in rates of bone development, growth, body mass gain, and adiposity. Which of the following approaches is NOT an experimental approach used in these studies? A. Germ-free rodent models B. Probiotics given to subjects over long periods of time to induce metabolic changes C. Microbial communities transplanted from humans into mice D. Samples contributed from identical genetic twins E. Individuals fed identical diets - correct answer ✔✔B. Probiotics given to subjects over long periods of times to induce metabolic changes The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) ... A. produces glucocorticoids that exert positive feedback on HPA axis activity B. produces androgens that cause negative feedback on HPA axis activity C. Is activated when CRH is produced by the hypothalamus and increases ACTH production in the anterior pituitary D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔C. Is activated when CRH is produced by the hypothalamus and increases ACTH production in the anterior pituitary Those of us on planet Earth instead receive ~12 hours of light followed by ~12 hours of dark. By contrast, astronauts on the International Space Station orbit Earth every 90 minutes, so they receive ~45 minutes of light followed by ~45 minutes of dark. From our discussion of sleep, what would be an effective strategy to keep astronauts on the same schedule (circadian rhythm) as humans on Earth? A. Use pharmacology (drugs) to suppress two genes (TIM, PER) while in space B. Use a Zeitgeber, such as food, at 90-min intervals to reduce the effects of circadian rhythm C. Use bright, artificial light sources that simulate the sun's light cycle on Earth so they experience ~12 hours of light followed by ~12 hours of dark
B. Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by mothers & prevents aromatase from crossing over the placenta to "masculinize" daughters C. Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by male offspring & allows testosterone to enter their brain where aromatase converts it to estradiol D. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔A. Alpha-fetoprotein prevents testosterone from entering the female brain & aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol in the male brain Compared to vaginally born human infants, Cesarean-born infants typically possess a gut microbiome that most resembles what maternal microbial community? A. Vaginal B. Gut C. Oral D. Skin E. Hair - correct answer ✔✔D. Skin How do we know that the level of licking-grooming & arch-backed nursing (LG-ABN) provided by female rats causes changes in offspring stress physiology through epigenetic (DNA methylation) mechanisms? A. Offspring produced by low LG-ABN mothers that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit a similar number of glucocorticoid receptors in the brain as offspring from high LG-ABN mothers B. Offspring produced by a mother exhibiting low LG-ABN that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit an increased size of the sexually-dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area C. Offspring produced by a mother exhibiting high LG-ABN exhibit greater levels of neophobia & an increased responsiveness to stressors D. Offspring produced by a low LG-ABN mothers that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit a reduction in the number of glucocorticoid receptors compared to those offsp - correct answer ✔✔A. Offspring produced by low LG-ABN mothers that were treated with a drug that reduces DNA methylation exhibit a similar number of glucocorticoid receptors in the brain as offspring from high LG-ABN mothers
If you were to read an article that claimed that a behavior or other characteristic was "heritable" or "had a genetic basis" by studying human siblings, what might you want to know about this study? A. How did the study separate the shared environment vs. shared genes of siblings? B. Was the study done in full siblings that were adopted by different families? C. Did they identify the specific gene/allele that actually caused a change in the behavior or characteristic of interest? D. All of the above - correct answer ✔✔D. All of the above You perform a cross-fostering experiment with squirrel pups & you follow & observe these pups to adulthood. You find that as adults, the squirrel's aggressive "rattle" call frequency matches that of their foster parents & not that of their genetic parents. You conclude: A. The rattle call frequency trait is heritable B. The rattle call frequency trait is driven by their natal environmental experience C. You could artificially select squirrels to have frequent aggressive rattle calls D. The average of both genetic parent's rattle call frequency will accurately predict the rattle call frequency of the offspring - correct answer ✔✔B. The rattle call frequency trait is driven by their natal environmental experience A "candidate gene" is: A. A gene that is resistant to DNA methylation B. A gene that is found to be common across all animals & evolutionarily conserved C. A gene that regulates the activity of a secondary gene downstream D. A gene discovered in one species to alter behavior, that may affect a similar behavior in other species - correct answer ✔✔D. A gene discovered in one species to alter behavior, that may affect a similar behavior in other species
