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psych 217 midterm 1 questions and
answers graded A+
ways of knowing (non-data-driven): intuition - correct answer ✔✔- intuition can help spark new ideas for research questions
- pron to illusory correlation
- pros: quick and accessible knowledge in your mind
- cons: subject to prejudices and misconceptions ways of knowing (non-data-driven): common sense/folk wisdom - correct answer ✔✔- what we expect everyone else to know (common sense) pro: brings about great research ideas con: ppl only remember when they are true, causes confirmation bias and it is contradictory ways of knowing (non-data-driven): authority - correct answer ✔✔- knowledge based on information from someone we view as "credible"
- pro: experts can be authors, and it minimizes us to learn our own knowledge
- con: not all authorities are experts (ex. Dr. Oz) ways of knowing (non-data-driven): personal experience/ testimonial - correct answer ✔✔- something you have experienced and go off of
- pro: seen as a collection of all possible experiences, qualitative research
- cons: very sticky, not fully representative of others experiences and can't account for others experiences Quantitative Research - correct answer ✔✔research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Qualitative Research - correct answer ✔✔research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data ways of knowing (non-data-driven): logic - correct answer ✔✔- knowledge derived from rules of logical thinking -pros: easy to analyze and critique + less to consistent reasoning and decisions -cons: requires the right information and may have nothing at all to do with the real world Goals of Psychological Science - correct answer ✔✔describe, predict, explain, understand and determine behaviour (basic research) + apply knowledge to solve problems (applied research) Affordances - correct answer ✔✔how you cognitively process objects based on how you can act on them (ex. laurel and yanny) Theory - correct answer ✔✔- overarching framework that organizes and explained phenomena and data
- generates hypotheses that tests boundaries of this term ..... hypthesis - correct answer ✔✔A tentative statement about a relationship that may or may not be true
- ex.what you think will be the outcome of your study?
- this is a.... prediction - correct answer ✔✔A specific statement regarding the expected outcome of a study deduction - correct answer ✔✔the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example Induction - correct answer ✔✔the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization Falsifiability - correct answer ✔✔- The ability for one to show a theory (or hypothesis) to be wrong
- Does not mean the theory is wrong, only that it has the capacity to be wrong
- how you choose how to run a study and the steps to take
- needed for replication in studies Types of Journal Articles - correct answer ✔✔empirical, literature review, meta-analysis empirical article - correct answer ✔✔report novel data literature review articles - correct answer ✔✔summarizes the literature Meta-analyses articles - correct answer ✔✔combine results from different studies to estimate the effect size Components of a Journal Article - correct answer ✔✔1. Abstract
- Introduction
- Method
- Results
- Discussion
- References Introduction - correct answer ✔✔- understanding the authors' reasoning, find useful resources/citations for yourself methods - correct answer ✔✔- explains methods used in the experiment Results - correct answer ✔✔determine statistical significance discussion - correct answer ✔✔authors will talk about implications/strengths/limitations, another gold mine of resources/citations for you
correlation studies - correct answer ✔✔a research method that measures two variables in a group of people and determine if there is a relationship between the variables
- Used when one or more variables cannot be manipulated Correlation Coefficient (r) - correct answer ✔✔- A statistic that indexes the degree of linear relationship between two variables
- Also called: Pearson product moment correlation
- Ranges from -1 to + words that suggest a correlational relationship - correct answer ✔✔- Linked to
- Associated with
- Correlated with -At higher risk of / at lower risk of -More likely to / less likely to
- May predict correlation matrix - correct answer ✔✔-Table showing correlation coefficients between variables
- Sometimes only half of the matrix is filled out - not a problem because matrix is symmetric Limits of correlational designs - correct answer ✔✔correlation doesn't mean causation words that suggest a casual reltionship - correct answer ✔✔- Causes / Affects / Changes
- Promotes / Makes
- Impacts / Influences
- Increases / decreases
- Improves / worsens internal validity - correct answer ✔✔Ability to infer that one variable causes changes in another variable
self-report - correct answer ✔✔- recoding Participants' explicit attitudes, judgments, thoughts, or characteristics (qeastionaire or survey) psychological - correct answer ✔✔Biological data (e.g. heart rate) behavioural - correct answer ✔✔Observing and coding participants' behaviours sustained attention to response task (SART) - correct answer ✔✔- self report: Were you mind- wandering?"
- physiological: Activation of Default Mode Network (DMN)
- behavioural: How many 3's participant responded to characteristics of causality - correct answer ✔✔- covariation of cause and effect
- temporal precedence
- ruling out alternative explanations problems in causation to correlation - correct answer ✔✔third variable problem third variable - correct answer ✔✔- impacts both variables of interest
- affects both x and y
- Any other variable that is extraneous to two variables of interest. Could account for correlation between two variables confounding variable - correct answer ✔✔Uncontrolled variable that is impossible to separate from the variable of interest (usually the IV/ Y variable) mediator variable - correct answer ✔✔A psychological (or physiological) process that occurs between two correlated variables
what helps with ruling out alternative explanations? - correct answer ✔✔- random assignment to avoid participant characteristics (increases internal validity) Ways to do random assignment - correct answer ✔✔- flip a coin
- names out of hat etc. random assignment - correct answer ✔✔-Everyone has the same chance of being in a given condition
- Allows researchers to balance out random variables across different conditions..
- more effective with the more amount of participants Designing an appropriate comparison - correct answer ✔✔- Needs to be as similar as possible to experimental condition EXCEPT for the IV (active ingredient)
- Otherwise you introduce confounds placebo control - correct answer ✔✔- used in clinical studies (drugs, treatments)
- experiential group: recipes the real drug with active ingredient placebo group: receives similar looking drug without active ingredient between subjects designs - correct answer ✔✔An experimental design in which different participants are assigned to each level or condition of the independent variable. Also called an independent groups design. posttest-only design - correct answer ✔✔experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured only once, after manipulation of the independent variable. pretest-posttest design - correct answer ✔✔An experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after manipulation of the independent variable. matched pairs design (yoked design) - correct answer ✔✔Before the experiment, match participants on a crucial participant characteristic - randomly assign one from each pair to control group and one to experimental group
2- fatigue 3- contrast *applied research - correct answer ✔✔Research conducted to address practical problems and propose potential solutions. *basic research - correct answer ✔✔Research that attempts to answer fundamental questions about the nature of behaviour. *empirical questions - correct answer ✔✔A question that can be answered through empiricism, or systematic observation. *Empiricism - correct answer ✔✔Gaining knowledge through systematic observations of the world. falsifiable - correct answer ✔✔Capable of being shown to be false; a good scientific idea or theory should be falsifiable. *goals of scientific research - correct answer ✔✔The four main goals of scientific research are: (1) to describe behaviour, (2) to predict behaviour, (3) to determine the causes of behaviour, and (4) to understand or explain behaviour. *Peer review - correct answer ✔✔The process of judging the scientific merit of research through review by peers of the researcher—other scientists with the expertise to evaluate the research *Pseudoscience - correct answer ✔✔Claims that are made with evidence designed to appear scientific, but this evidence is not based on the principles of the scientific method. ruling out alternative explanations - correct answer ✔✔One of the criteria for making an appropriate causal inference; ensuring that there are no other explanations for what might have caused an outcome. *Scientific scepticism - correct answer ✔✔Not accepting something as true unthinkingly, but rather seeking out and evaluating the relevant evidence to shape our beliefs about what might be true.
Abstarct - correct answer ✔✔The section of a research report at the very beginning that briefly summarises the entire study or studies. Citations - correct answer ✔✔Names and dates referencing another publication that appear in the body of a text. These serve to properly attribute ideas and results to the authors being cited rather than the current paper's author. Citations refer readers to the corresponding entry in the references section for full details regarding the publication. discussion - correct answer ✔✔The section of a research report in which the researcher considers the research results from various perspectives. *Generalization - correct answer ✔✔The ability for a finding based upon a sample of participants to tell us about the wider population from which that sample was drawn. A key question of generalisation is not only whether a finding generalises, but to what populations it can be generalised. literature review - correct answer ✔✔A narrative summary of the past research conducted on a particular topic. method - correct answer ✔✔The section of a research report providing information about exactly how the study was conducted, including any details necessary for the reader to replicate the study. Parisomony - correct answer ✔✔The scientific principle stating that if two theories are equally effective at explaining a phenomenon, the simpler of the two theories is preferable. research hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔Within inferential statistics, the statement that some phenomena exists within a population (e.g., a difference in means between experimental groups, a relationship between variables); typically contrasted with the null hypothesis. *Web of science - correct answer ✔✔A database that also allows for cited reference searches, finding articles that cite a particular article.
order effects - correct answer ✔✔In a within-subjects design, the effect that the order of conditions has on the dependent variable. Practice effect - correct answer ✔✔When participants perform better over the course of a study simply because they are more experienced with the tasks; particularly problematic in within-subjects designs. *selection differences - correct answer ✔✔Differences in the type of participants who make up each group in a between-subjects experimental design. *Selective attrition - correct answer ✔✔The loss of participants by way of individuals choosing to drop out of an experiment. Selective attrition is a threat to internal validity when participant dropout results in a difference between conditions on some participant characteristic, causing a confound.
