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psych 217 midterm 1 questions and answers graded A+
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ways of knowing (non-data-driven): intuition - correct answer ✔✔- intuition can help spark new ideas for research questions
Qualitative Research - correct answer ✔✔research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data ways of knowing (non-data-driven): logic - correct answer ✔✔- knowledge derived from rules of logical thinking -pros: easy to analyze and critique + less to consistent reasoning and decisions -cons: requires the right information and may have nothing at all to do with the real world Goals of Psychological Science - correct answer ✔✔describe, predict, explain, understand and determine behaviour (basic research) + apply knowledge to solve problems (applied research) Affordances - correct answer ✔✔how you cognitively process objects based on how you can act on them (ex. laurel and yanny) Theory - correct answer ✔✔- overarching framework that organizes and explained phenomena and data
correlation studies - correct answer ✔✔a research method that measures two variables in a group of people and determine if there is a relationship between the variables
self-report - correct answer ✔✔- recoding Participants' explicit attitudes, judgments, thoughts, or characteristics (qeastionaire or survey) psychological - correct answer ✔✔Biological data (e.g. heart rate) behavioural - correct answer ✔✔Observing and coding participants' behaviours sustained attention to response task (SART) - correct answer ✔✔- self report: Were you mind- wandering?"
what helps with ruling out alternative explanations? - correct answer ✔✔- random assignment to avoid participant characteristics (increases internal validity) Ways to do random assignment - correct answer ✔✔- flip a coin
2- fatigue 3- contrast *applied research - correct answer ✔✔Research conducted to address practical problems and propose potential solutions. *basic research - correct answer ✔✔Research that attempts to answer fundamental questions about the nature of behaviour. *empirical questions - correct answer ✔✔A question that can be answered through empiricism, or systematic observation. *Empiricism - correct answer ✔✔Gaining knowledge through systematic observations of the world. falsifiable - correct answer ✔✔Capable of being shown to be false; a good scientific idea or theory should be falsifiable. *goals of scientific research - correct answer ✔✔The four main goals of scientific research are: (1) to describe behaviour, (2) to predict behaviour, (3) to determine the causes of behaviour, and (4) to understand or explain behaviour. *Peer review - correct answer ✔✔The process of judging the scientific merit of research through review by peers of the researcher—other scientists with the expertise to evaluate the research *Pseudoscience - correct answer ✔✔Claims that are made with evidence designed to appear scientific, but this evidence is not based on the principles of the scientific method. ruling out alternative explanations - correct answer ✔✔One of the criteria for making an appropriate causal inference; ensuring that there are no other explanations for what might have caused an outcome. *Scientific scepticism - correct answer ✔✔Not accepting something as true unthinkingly, but rather seeking out and evaluating the relevant evidence to shape our beliefs about what might be true.
Abstarct - correct answer ✔✔The section of a research report at the very beginning that briefly summarises the entire study or studies. Citations - correct answer ✔✔Names and dates referencing another publication that appear in the body of a text. These serve to properly attribute ideas and results to the authors being cited rather than the current paper's author. Citations refer readers to the corresponding entry in the references section for full details regarding the publication. discussion - correct answer ✔✔The section of a research report in which the researcher considers the research results from various perspectives. *Generalization - correct answer ✔✔The ability for a finding based upon a sample of participants to tell us about the wider population from which that sample was drawn. A key question of generalisation is not only whether a finding generalises, but to what populations it can be generalised. literature review - correct answer ✔✔A narrative summary of the past research conducted on a particular topic. method - correct answer ✔✔The section of a research report providing information about exactly how the study was conducted, including any details necessary for the reader to replicate the study. Parisomony - correct answer ✔✔The scientific principle stating that if two theories are equally effective at explaining a phenomenon, the simpler of the two theories is preferable. research hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔Within inferential statistics, the statement that some phenomena exists within a population (e.g., a difference in means between experimental groups, a relationship between variables); typically contrasted with the null hypothesis. *Web of science - correct answer ✔✔A database that also allows for cited reference searches, finding articles that cite a particular article.
order effects - correct answer ✔✔In a within-subjects design, the effect that the order of conditions has on the dependent variable. Practice effect - correct answer ✔✔When participants perform better over the course of a study simply because they are more experienced with the tasks; particularly problematic in within-subjects designs. *selection differences - correct answer ✔✔Differences in the type of participants who make up each group in a between-subjects experimental design. *Selective attrition - correct answer ✔✔The loss of participants by way of individuals choosing to drop out of an experiment. Selective attrition is a threat to internal validity when participant dropout results in a difference between conditions on some participant characteristic, causing a confound.