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Complex design
Experiment in which two or more independent variables are studied simultainously. TERM 2
interaction effect
DEFINITION 2 When the effect of one independent variable differs depending on the level of a second independent variable. TERM 3
main effect
DEFINITION 3 Overall effect of an independent variable in a complex design. TERM 4
simple main effect
DEFINITION 4 Effect of one independent variable at one level of a second independent variable in a complex design. TERM 5
relevant independent variable
DEFINITION 5 Independent variable that has been shown to influence behavior, either directly, by producing a main effect, or indirectly, by resulting in an interaction effect in combination with a second independent variable.
ceiling and floor effect
Measurement problem whereby the researcher cannot measure the effects of an independent variable or a possible interaction effect because performance has reached a maximum or minimum in any condition of the experiment. TERM 7
internal
validity
DEFINITION 7 validity Degree to which differences in performance can be attributed unambiguously to an effect of an independent variable, as opposed to an effect of some other (uncontrolled) variable; an internally valid study is free of confounds. TERM 8
independent groups design
DEFINITION 8 Each separate group of subjects in the experiment represents a different condition as defined by the level of the independent variable. TERM 9
random assignment
DEFINITION 9 Most common technique for forming groups as part of an independent groups design; the goal is to establish equivalent groups by balancing individual differences. TERM 10
random groups design
DEFINITION 10 Most common type of independent groups design in which subjects are randomly assigned to each group such that groups are considered comparable at the start of the experiment.
placebo control group
Procedure by which a substance that resembles a drug or other active substance but that is actually an inert, or inactive, substance is given to participants. TERM 17
double-blind procedure
DEFINITION 17 Both the participant and the observer are kept unaware (blind) of what treatment is being administered. TERM 18
replication
DEFINITION 18 Repeating the exact procedures used in an experiment to determine whether the same results are obtained. TERM 19
effect size
DEFINITION 19 Index of the strength of the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable that is independent of sample size. TERM 20
Cohens d
DEFINITION 20 A frequently used measure of effect size in which the difference in means for two conditions is divided by the average variability of participants scores (within-group standard deviation). Based on Cohens guidelines, d values of .20, .50, and .80 represent small, medium, and large effects, respectively, of an independent variable.
