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Which of the following designs best eliminates differences between experimental and control groups? A) Johnny conducted a within-participants experiment where he intentionally assigned male participants to the control condition and females to his experimental condition in attempts to rule out differences within each group. B) Kevin conducted a between-participants experiment, where he randomly assigned participants to a condition. They then completed both the control and experimental manipulations. C) Heather conducted a between-participants experiment where she intentionally assigned male participants to the control condition and females to his experimental condition in attempts to rule out differences within each group. D) Laura conducted a within-participants experiment, where each participant completed the control and experimental condition. - correct answer ✔✔D) Laura conducted a within-participants experiment, where each participant completed the control and experimental condition. Natalie created a pill to focus attention. She had a friend take the pill before writing her Spanish exam. She then had the same friend write her calculus exam without taking the pill. Natalie reviewed the test scores to see whether or not taking the drug increased her friend's performance. Which of the following best describes Natalie's experimental design? A) Using a within-participants design, Natalie has minimalized all possible external variables.
B)
Natalie accurately created a control condition equal to that of the experimental condition, which will help validate her results. C) Natalie inaccurately created a control condition, as it did not equal that of the experimental condition, discrediting her results. D) Using a between-participants design, Natalie has minimalized all possible effects external variables. - correct answer ✔✔C) Natalie inaccurately created a control condition, as it did not equal that of the experimental condition, discrediting her results. You want to measure the athleticism of the average Hamiltonian (a person who lives in Hamilton). When recruiting participants, which of the following is the least favourable strategy? A) Recruiting randomly from various gyms in Hamilton. B) Recruiting people of different ages and gender. C) Recruiting randomly from both the university population and the general public. D) Recruiting randomly from various Hamilton locations. - correct answer ✔✔A) Recruiting randomly from various gyms in Hamilton. Which of the following best describes a method to avoid participant bias? A) Giving the control group a mock treatment, so they are unaware of which condition they are in.
C)
Central Tendency; measured via Standard Deviation D) Variability; a measure of Correlation - correct answer ✔✔A) P Value; used in Inferential Statistics Which of the following statements about participant bias is most correct? A) Participant bias only occurs when a participant's prior knowledge consciously affects their performance in an experiment. B) Participant bias is when participants are aware of the expected outcome of the experiment and knowingly alter their behaviour. C) Participant bias can be reduced or even prevented by making the conditions of the experiment as similar as possible between the experimental and control groups. D) Participant bias can be reduced or even prevented by using a between-participants design where there are different participants in each condition. - correct answer ✔✔C) Participant bias can be reduced or even prevented by making the conditions of the experiment as similar as possible between the experimental and control groups. Which of the following statements regarding hypothesis testing is correct? A) All else being equal, a significant difference between experimental and control group results in two identical distributions with the same mean. B)
All else being equal, a significant difference between experimental and control group results in two identical distributions with different means. C) All else being equal, a significant difference between experimental and control group results in two different distributions with different means. D) All else being equal, a significant difference between experimental and control group results in two different distributions with the same mean. - correct answer ✔✔B) All else being equal, a significant difference between experimental and control group results in two identical distributions with different means. Which of the following is NOT a downside of using a within-participants blind experiment? A) Confounding variables may be present due to variations between-participants in different conditions. B) Participants may improve over repeated testing trials. C) Continuous testing on one participant may be time consuming. D) The experimenter may unintentionally promote a desired outcome when conducting the experiment. - correct answer ✔✔A) Confounding variables may be present due to variations between-participants in different conditions. Which of the following variables is correctly defined? A)
During an experiment, every time a 5,000 Hz sound was produced, the mouse would receive a shock. Which of the following is the CR? A) Galvanic Skin Response B) Shock C) 5,000 Hz D) Fear - correct answer ✔✔D) Fear Raiyan sits in the same spot of the library every day, and has his daily Grande Dark Roast to get his heart beating faster before he starts studying. What happens one day when Starbucks runs out of coffee but Raiyan still goes to the same library spot to study? A) Without coffee, his heart beat rate will not change. B) The stimulus of the library spot will replace coffee in making his heart beat increase. C) This will be a form of systematic desensitization in order for Raiyan to become caffeine clean. D) The stimulus of the library spot will make his heart beat decrease. - correct answer ✔✔D) The stimulus of the library spot will make his heart beat decrease. Which of the following correctly describes the rate of acquisition? A)
The majority of learning occurs later, with the initial trials leading to minimal learning due to the subject's exploration of the stimuli. B) The majority of learning occurs very quickly but the subject starts to forget, which leads to a decrease in acquisition. C) The majority of learning occurs later, with acquisition steadily increasing with each of the trials. D) The majority of learning occurs very quickly, but the subject continues to learn at a slower rate during later trials. - correct answer ✔✔D) The majority of learning occurs very quickly, but the subject continues to learn at a slower rate during later trials. A) The contingency between a CS and CR may be formed in one trial. B) The contingency between a CS and US always takes many trials to form. C) The contingency between a CS and CR is formed in many trials. D) The contingency between a CS and US may be formed in one trial. - correct answer ✔✔D) The contingency between a CS and US may be formed in one trial. What is classical conditioning? A) Learning that one event accurately and reliably predicts the occurrence of a second event. B)
To protect the body from stimuli that threaten physiological regulation. D) To allow our bodies to compensate for the effects of stimuli that we can consciously control. - correct answer ✔✔C) To protect the body from stimuli that threaten physiological regulation. Which statement about extinction is true? A) During extinction, the original contingency is unlearned. B) During spontaneous recovery, the inhibitory contingency is unlearned. C) After many extinction trials, the CS will still elicit the same level of CR as when first presented. D) If the CS is observed prior to the US following a pause after extinction trials, the CR may be elicited once again. - correct answer ✔✔D) If the CS is observed prior to the US following a pause after extinction trials, the CR may be elicited once again. Which of the following best describes the rate at which a contingency is learned during classical conditioning training trials? A) After a break in training, there is usually an increase in the conditioned response. B) The rate of acquisition is linear: the more trials, the more is learned. C) A lot of learning occurs quickly, and then rate of learning slows over time.
D)
Learning occurs quickly at first, but the response is unlearned if too many trials occur. - correct answer ✔✔C) A lot of learning occurs quickly, and then rate of learning slows over time. A mouse is placed in a cage with a closed door and food pellets on a dish outside. Inside the cage, there are a series of buttons. The red button delivers food, the green button has no consequence, and the blue button delivers a mild electric shock. Regarding the law of effect, what will happen to the mouse's behaviour after several trials? A) Pressing both the blue button and green button will be stamped in. B) Pressing both the red and green button will be stamped in. C) Pressing only the red button will be stamped in. D) Pressing only the green button will be stamped out. - correct answer ✔✔C) Pressing only the red button will be stamped in. While training her dog to sit, Julie offers her two treats for an average of every seven times the dog performs the target behaviour. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is Julie using? A) Fixed Interval. B) Variable Interval. C) Variable Ratio.
Stimulus generalization Which of the following correctly defines autoshaping? A) Learning a simple behaviour through successive approximation. B) Learning a complex behaviour through successive approximation. C) Learning a simple behaviour without external guidance. D) Learning a complex behaviour without external guidance. - correct answer ✔✔C) Learning a simple behaviour without external guidance. Which of the following best describes Thorndike's "law of effect"? A) Animals 'stamp out' negative behaviours completely once they experience the negative consequence that follows. B) A cat in a box will always perform the correct response after learning it. C) A behaviour followed by positive consequences is likely to increase in frequency. D) Animals learn through observing another animal perform the correct behaviour. - correct answer ✔✔C) A behaviour followed by positive consequences is likely to increase in frequency. What is the main distinction between the CS and the SD?
A)
The SD elicits an involuntary response. B) The CS elicits a reflexive response. C) The CS cues when a contingent relationship is valid. D) The CS only has a generalization gradient. - correct answer ✔✔B) The CS elicits a reflexive response. For which schedules of reinforcement can we use slope to determine frequency of response rates? A) Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval B) Variable Ratio and Fixed Interval C) Fixed Ratio and Variable Interval D) Variable Ratio and Variable Interval - correct answer ✔✔D) Variable Ratio and Variable Interval Which of the following best defines a reinforcer? A) A reward, which increases a behaviour. B)
D)
Both reliability and validity - correct answer ✔✔A) Reliability You hear a crash in the kitchen. You see your little sibling being scolded and there is glass on the floor. You reason that your brother has dropped a cup and made a mess. What type of reasoning was used to come to this understanding? A) Inductive reasoning, going from facts to theory. B) Deductive reasoning, going from facts to theory. C) Inductive reasoning, going from theory to facts. D) Deductive reasoning, going from theory to facts. - correct answer ✔✔A) Inductive reasoning, going from facts to theory. Galton measured reaction times in order to determine a person's underlying intelligence. What was wrong with this approach? A) There are many different kinds of intelligence, and reaction time is only one of them. B) This test evaluates only reaction time, which is not a valid way to assess a person's intelligence. C) This test is not reliable because it doesn't actually measure intelligence. D)
Intelligence is based on genetic contributions, so this test of reaction to the environment is not valid. - correct answer ✔✔B) This test evaluates only reaction time, which is not a valid way to assess a person's intelligence. Which of the following is true of Piaget's stages of development? A) A child must first pass through the sensorimotor stage where they learn that objects continue to exist when out of sight. B) A child must first pass through the sensorimotor stage where they master the ability to logically order objects. C) Piaget's stages must be completed in order and, consequently, each child must pass through each stage at the same rate. D) Though Piaget's stages must be completed in order, a stage may be skipped if the child progresses quickly. - correct answer ✔✔A) A child must first pass through the sensorimotor stage where they learn that objects continue to exist when out of sight. Which of the following is supported by Piaget's four stages of development? A) The four stages of development are all necessary, so it is safe to assume that if a child has undergone the sensorimotor, preoperational, and formal operational stages, they will soon undergo the concrete operational stage. B) If a child struggles to imagine what an organized layout of the rocks looks like from his mother's viewpoint, they are likely still in the end of the preoperational stage. C)
IQ is standardized with an average of 100, meaning your IQ score is solely based on your performance. C) IQ is standardized with an average of 100, meaning your IQ score is relative to the scores of others. D) The Flynn effect describes how IQ scores are continuously rising--specifically 15 points every 3 years. - correct answer ✔✔C) IQ is standardized with an average of 100, meaning your IQ score is relative to the scores of others. Which of the following statements about intelligence testing is most correct? A) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that the categories of intelligence will often be correlated. B) The average standardized score on the Wechsler scale has increased to 100 over the past 80 years. C) The study of intelligence began with the idea that there is more than one single type of intelligence. D) Reaction time to sensorimotor tasks was once considered a representation of intelligence. - correct answer ✔✔D) Reaction time to sensorimotor tasks was once considered a representation of intelligence. Which of the following is true of Piaget's stages of development? A)
After 7 years of age, a person would be capable of conversing about abstract topics. B) Piaget correctly suggested that all people develop skills in the same order. C) Children may develop skills before Piaget thought, but not have the language to convey these skills. D) A child who has mastered object permanence could not still be in the preoperational stage. - correct answer ✔✔C) Children may develop skills before Piaget thought, but not have the language to convey these skills. Which of the following statements concerning the Wechsler Scales is true? A) An individual's score on the Wechsler test is independent of the performance of the population. B) An IQ score of 90 is a strong standardized score and is well above the average performance of the population. C) An IQ score of 115 has a higher raw score than a score of 115 achieved 10 years earlier. D) Someone receiving a standardized IQ score of 100 has achieved a perfect score on the Wechsler Scale. - correct answer ✔✔C) An IQ score of 115 has a higher raw score than a score of 115 achieved 10 years earlier. "The rude necklace fed chairs by the sun." Which of the following is true regarding this sentence? A)
