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Module 1
- Aristotle suggested that a meal makes us sleepy by causing heat to collect around the A. brain. B. throat. C. heart. D. stomach. Answer: D
- Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of A. animal intelligence. B. personality development. C. social influence. D. mental processes. Answer: D
- Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. A. John B. Watson B. Charles Darwin C. Edward Titchener D. B. F. Skinner Answer: C
- Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called A. cognitive neuroscience. B. introspection. C. behaviorism. D. humanistic psychology. Answer: B
- Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as A. behavior genetics. B. psychoanalysis. C. massed practice. D. introspection. Answer: D
- The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of
A. structuralism. B. psychiatry. C. cognitive psychology. D. behaviorism. Answer: A
- William James was a prominent American A. psychoanalyst. B. behaviorist. C. functionalist. D. structuralist. Answer: C
- Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions. B. component elements of sensory experience. C. disruptive effects of unconscious motives. D. treatment of psychological disorders. Answer: A
- Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________. A. behaviorism B. humanistic psychology C. cognitive neuroscience D. functionalism Answer: D
- Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? A. Jean Piaget B. Margaret Floy Washburn C. Rosalie Rayner D. Mary Whiton Calkins Answer: D
- Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. John B. Watson C. Sigmund Freud D. William James
D. potential for healthy growth. Answer: D
- In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of A. mental processes. B. hereditary influences. C. unconscious motives. D. learned behaviors. Answer: A
- Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between A. natural selection and genetic predispositions. B. childhood memories and psychological disorders. C. thought processes and brain functions. D. philosophy and physiology. Answer: C
- Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of A. conscious and unconscious mental activity. B. observable responses to the environment. C. behavior and mental processes. D. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. Answer: C
- Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________. A. evolution; natural selection B. behavior; mental process C. conscious; unconscious D. nurture; nature Answer: B
- The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and A. economics. B. biology. C. geography. D. sociology. Answer: B
- The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian
A. chemist. B. physician. C. theologian. D. politician. Answer: B
- One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist A. Edward Bradford Titchener. B. Margaret Floy Washburn. C. William James. D. Jean Piaget. Answer: D
- The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits. A. massed practice and spaced practice B. unconscious and conscious motives C. behavior and mental processes D. genes and experience Answer: D
- Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________. A. observation; introspection B. psychology; psychiatry C. nature; nurture D. behavior; mental processes Answer: C
- Plato's assumption that certain ideas are inborn is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding A. conscious and unconscious thoughts. B. observation and introspection. C. nature and nurture. D. basic and applied research. Answer: C
- In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as A. Plato is to Aristotle. B. Watson is to Skinner. C. Aristotle is to Plato. D. Skinner is to Watson.
A. functionalism. B. natural selection. C. behavior genetics. D. structuralism. Answer: B
- Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? A. Plato B. Aristotle C. John Locke D. Charles Darwin Answer: D
- Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered. A. unconscious thought processes B. species variation C. biopsychosocial approach D. SQ3R method Answer: B
- By suggesting that nurture works on what nature endows, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for A. inborn ideas. B. natural selection. C. introspection. D. learning and adaptation. Answer: D
- Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different A. cognitive functions. B. unconscious motives. C. levels of analysis. D. natural selections. Answer: C
- The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of A. SQ3R. B. introspection. C. humanistic psychology.
D. multiple levels of analysis. Answer: D
- Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires A. introspection. B. psychoanalysis. C. massed practice. D. a biopsychosocial approach. Answer: D
- The biopsychosocial approach incorporates different levels of analysis, which A. have little value for applied research. B. typically contradict common sense. C. are generally impossible to test scientifically. D. complement one another. Answer: D
- The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by A. environmental circumstances. B. blood chemistry. C. unconscious conflicts. D. subjective interpretations. Answer: B
- Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? A. evolutionary B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. neuroscience Answer: D
- Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression. A. neuroscience B. psychodynamic C. behavior genetics D. cognitive Answer: A
perspective. A. evolutionary B. behavioral C. psychodynamic D. behavior genetics Answer: C
- Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? A. evolutionary B. neuroscience C. behavioral D. behavior genetics Answer: C
- Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she frequently praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. A. behavior genetics B. neuroscience C. psychodynamic D. behavioral Answer: D
- The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how A. feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. B. people try to understand their own unconscious motives. C. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. D. people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Answer: D
- Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences? A. behavioral B. cognitive C. neuroscience D. behavior genetics Answer: B
- Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning? A. cognitive B. behavioral C. neuroscience
D. behavior genetics Answer: A
- Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? A. evolutionary B. neuroscience C. cognitive D. social-cultural Answer: D
- Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups? A. evolutionary B. psychodynamic C. social-cultural D. neuroscience Answer: C
- Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. A. behavior genetics B. social-cultural C. neuroscience D. evolutionary Answer: B
- Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in basic research? A. industrial-organizational psychologists B. cognitive psychologists C. community psychologists D. clinical psychologists Answer: C
- Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? A. social psychology B. clinical psychology C. biological psychology D. industrial-organizational psychology Answer: C
A. clinical B. developmental C. personality D. industrial-organizational Answer: D
- Dr. Vazquez helps people to make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely a A. biological psychologist. B. counseling psychologist. C. cognitive psychologist. D. social psychologist. Answer: B
- Clinical psychologists specialize in A. constructing surveys. B. animal research. C. providing therapy to troubled people. D. providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders. Answer: C
- For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist. A. developmental B. clinical C. personality D. biological Answer: B
- The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a A. clinical psychologist. B. personality psychologist. C. developmental psychologist. D. psychiatrist. Answer: D
- Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of A. the psychodynamic perspective. B. positive psychology. C. evolutionary psychology.
D. behavior genetics. Answer: B
- Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all. A. counseling psychologists. B. cognitive psychologists. C. community psychologists. D. clinical psychologists. Answer: C
- The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information. A. positive psychology B. natural selection C. enhanced memory D. increasing boredom Answer: C
- SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review. A. revise B. reason C. retrieve D. research Answer: C
- The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of A. massed practice. B. introspection. C. retrieving information. D. role modeling. Answer: C
- Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool. A. critical thinking B. the testing effect C. introspection D. SQ3R Answer: C
6. Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife, she angrily responds, “I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!” Her comment best illustrates A. hindsight bias. B. overconfidence. C. a gender difference. D. skepticism. Answer: A 7. The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by A. hindsight bias. B. curious skepticism. C. critical thinking. D. ethical standards. Answer: A 8. Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error A. involving skepticism. B. known as hindsight bias. C. resulting from overconfidence. D. in which random sequences don't look random. Answer: B 9. Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates A. hindsight bias. B. intuition. C. overconfidence. D. creativity. Answer: C 10. Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates A. hindsight bias. B. common sense. C. unconscious thinking. D. overconfidence. Answer: D 11. Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
A. an empirical approach B. overconfidence C. curious skepticism D. the double-blind procedure Answer: B
12. The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of A. intuition. B. critical thinking. C. an empirical approach. D. humility. Answer: A 13. On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy A. defies the laws of statistical probability. B. illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias. C. is inconsistent with an empirical approach. D. is a random and coincidental occurrence. Answer: D 14. Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that A. random sequences of events often don't look random. B. events often seem more probable in hindsight. C. we humans think we know more than we do. D. intuition is sometimes correct. Answer: A 15. The fact that the same individual won the New Jersey lottery on two separate occasions best illustrates A. a random outcome. B. common sense. C. overconfidence. D. the hindsight bias. Answer: A 16. By testing their predictions with the observational method of science, psychologists are using A. their intuition. B. an empirical approach. C. critical thinking.
A. overconfidence. B. hindsight bias. C. basic principles. D. critical thinking. Answer: D
23. The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to A. predict human behavior in almost all situations. B. perceive order in completely random events. C. develop general principles that help explain behavior. D. observe random samples of human conduct. Answer: C 24. The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their A. culture. B. empiricism. C. scientific attitude. D. gender. Answer: A 25. Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for A. avoiding curious skepticism. B. making psychology free of value judgments. C. discerning human similarities and differences. D. reducing the need for critical thinking. Answer: C 26. Psychological differences between the genders are A. of little interest to contemporary psychologists. B. simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes. C. no longer evident in contemporary Western societies. D. far outweighed by gender similarities. Answer: D 27. Psychologists study animals because A. animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior. B. experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical. C. the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines. D. similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior. Answer: D
28. The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the A. usefulness of studying biological processes in animals. B. ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals. C. obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality. D. need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research. Answer: B 29. In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes A. obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly. B. treat information about individual participants confidentially. C. deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment. D. allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment. Answer: C 30. Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking A. a representative sample. B. informed consent. C. an operational definition. D. a placebo effect. Answer: B 31. The American Psychological Association's ethics code urges investigators to A. avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. B. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. C. avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants. D. explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed. Answer: D 32. After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called A. debriefing. B. replication. C. informed consent. D. the double-blind procedure. Answer: A 33. Psychologists' personal values and goals A. are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation. B. lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.
