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Psych 101 Midterm Exam Questions and
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In 1879, in psychology's first experiment, ___ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key ✔✔William Wundt
William James would be considered a(n) ✔✔Functionalist
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered ✔✔Structuralists
In the early twentieth century, ____ redefined psychology as the "science of observable behavior" ✔✔Abraham Maslow
Nature is to nurture as ✔✔Biology is to experience
A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely a ✔✔Clinical Psychologist
A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a ✔✔Psychiatrist
A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology's knowledge base would be most likely to ✔✔observe 3- and 6- year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities
used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind ✔✔Structuralism
Explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish ✔✔Functionalism
Who was a memory researcher, but denied her PhD in 1890? ✔✔Mary Calkins
1st women with psych in PhD and studied animal behavior? ✔✔Margaret Floy Washburn
Who emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior? ✔✔Frued
Science of mental processes and behavior ✔✔Modern definition of psychology
3 Main levels of influence ✔✔biological, psychological, cultural
A self correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis ✔✔Scientific Method
Why do we use operational definitions? ✔✔To avoid bias
Sq3R ✔✔Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
Explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed ✔✔Theory
Theory that produces testable predictions ✔✔Hypothesis
Descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles ✔✔Case study
Descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation ✔✔Naturalistic Observation
Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a random sample of the group ✔✔Survey
How things are related, measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and thus, how well either factor predicts the other ✔✔Correlations
Shows strength and direction of the correlation ✔✔Correlation Coefficient
Research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior ✔✔Experimentation
Replication is __ ✔✔confirmation
Two factors that influence a survey ✔✔Wording, Random sampling
Study of the relative power and limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior ✔✔Behavior genetics
True or false: Environment shared by a families children has no discernible impact on their personalities ✔✔True
Person's characteristics of emotional reactivity and intensity ✔✔Temperament
Study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior ✔✔Gene-environment interaction
Study of environmental influences on gene expression ✔✔Epigenetics
Study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection ✔✔Evolutionary Psychology
Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and surveil most likely pass onto succeeding generations ✔✔Natural Selection
Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two ✔✔Identical Twins
Extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes ✔✔Heritability
Random errors in gene replication ✔✔Mutations
No more than ___ of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences ✔✔5%
By puberty, ___ ___ results in a massive loss on unemployed connections ✔✔Synaptic pruning
Priority to one's own goals over the group's goals ✔✔Individualism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly ✔✔Collectivism
Biological status ✔✔Sex
Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ✔✔Primary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual traits ✔✔Secondary sex Characteristics
First wet dream ✔✔Spermarche
First period ✔✔menarche
Schemas ✔✔Concept
What does Nature vs Nurture ask? ✔✔How does our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development?
Continuity & Stages (development issues) ✔✔What parts of development are gradual and continuous? What parts change abruptly?
Stability & Change (development issues) ✔✔What traits persist? Change?
Who studied moral development and the stages of psychosocial development? ✔✔Erik Erikson
Did Erik believe they were stages you progress through, in that order? ✔✔Yes
Who studied cognitive development and believed you could jump around? ✔✔Jean Piaget
Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into an embryo ✔✔Zygote
Developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month ✔✔Embryo
Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth ✔✔Fetus
How many cells form per second at 4 weeks? ✔✔1 million
Who studied on monkey's? ✔✔Harlow
Stange Situation Experiment ✔✔Mary Ainsworth
Styles of romantic love ✔✔Secure, trusting
Insecure, anxious
Avoidance of attachment
Authoritarian parenting ✔✔Coercive
Permissive parenting ✔✔Unrestraining
Authoritative ✔✔Confrontative
Did Erik Erikson study attachment styles? ✔✔Yes
Process of acquiring through experience new information/behaviors ✔✔Learning
Who said we learn about association- minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence ✔✔Aristotle
Classical conditioning ✔✔Associate to stimuli
Operant conditioning ✔✔Associate a response and its consequence
2 behavioralists? ✔✔Pavlov, Watson
Who studied how the body breaks down food into chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood ✔✔Pavlov
Presentation of 2 stimuli is independent of behavior ✔✔Classical conditioning
When CS is repeatedly present without the US, the CR becomes weaker until it stops ✔✔Extinction
