Download PSYCH 101 Final Exam Questions and Answers: A Comprehensive Review of Key Concepts and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
PSYCH 101 final JMU Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Formed by combining ____________ and _______________ ✔✔philosophy and physiology
structuralism ✔✔how we do something/ how things work
reductionism ✔✔reducing things to their parts
functionalism ✔✔why something works as a whole/why is it there/what does it do for us
Freud's contribution to functionalism ✔✔the concept of unconscious
behaviorism ✔✔break behavior down to smallest part
Skinner ✔✔radical behaviorism
radical behaviorism ✔✔society determines peoples behavior so teach people to be good citizens
Rogers and Maslow ✔✔humanism
humanism ✔✔people are unique
emphasis on personal growth and fulfilling potential
free will
cognitive psychology ✔✔1960s
study of mental processes
how we process information and how it influences our behavior
evolutionary psychology ✔✔natural selection
DNA determines behavior
psychiatry ✔✔can give medicine
medical degree
clinical psychology ✔✔severe mental/emotional issues
random ✔✔everyone in population has an even chance to be in study
goal is to generalize accurately
random assignment ✔✔equal chance to be put in groups
operational definitions of variables ✔✔different people will explain their experience differently leading to different results
validity ✔✔how well does procedure actually measure the variable being studied
relibality ✔✔are the same results obtained with repeated measurements
naturalistic observation ✔✔observing behavior in its natural context
allows for real life behavior
lacks control, participants might not react, observer bias
case study ✔✔intense observation of 1 person or a small group
allows for rich data
doesn't allow representativeness
surveys ✔✔efficient, quick and cheap
question bias and truthfulness of answers
experiments ✔✔need at least 2 groups: experimental and control
control group is getting the thing
dependent/independent variables
allows for control and discovering cause and effect
could be artificial, interferes with ethics
placebo effect ✔✔a beneficial effect, produced by a fake treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment
correlation ✔✔an indication of relationship between 2 variables
positive=both going same way
non conscious ✔✔mental processing removed
dual process ✔✔emotional process almost always wins
bottom up processing ✔✔sense receptors> mind> build interpretation
pure sensation
top down processing ✔✔make interpretations from experiences and expectations
try to make sense using your interpretation
attention ✔✔can't attend to every stimuli around us so have to decide what to pay attention to
intentional blindness ✔✔selective attention
change blindness ✔✔when something changes in front of your face and you don't see it
divided attention ✔✔no such thing as multitasking only divided attention
circadian rhythms ✔✔cycle of behaviors that repeat about 24 hours
beta waves ✔✔awake
alpha waves ✔✔drowsy
theta waves ✔✔light sleep stage 1
sleep spindles ✔✔asleep stage 2
delta waves ✔✔stage 3/4 deep sleep, big slow waves
REM sleep ✔✔body is completely relaxed but brain appears awake in a scan
right before you wake up
deep sleep ✔✔occurs earlier in the night
insomnia ✔✔most common sleep disorder
narcolepsy ✔✔randomly enter REM sleep during everyday activities
sleep apnea ✔✔stop breathing in deep sleep and must wake up in order to breathe
night terrors ✔✔don't remember these
happen during slow wave sleep
nightmares ✔✔remember these
happen during REM sleep
sleep walking ✔✔don't remember these
happen during slow wave sleep
tolerance to drugs ✔✔get used to effects and need a higher dose
leads to withdrawal
physiological dependence ✔✔body needs it
psychological dependence ✔✔you feel like you need it, habit
sensation ✔✔detect stimulus from the environment and convert into neural signals
physical
perception ✔✔interpreting those neural signals
mental
vision ✔✔transforms light energy into neural signals
represents objects in terms of shape size and color
packages sensation so brain can make sense of it
cornea ✔✔helps protect eye, retracts and flips light onto lens
role of cones ✔✔specialized for short, medium and high light
perceive different colors
opponent processing ✔✔mixes the colors to make all the colors we see
blind spot ✔✔area of missing info in our field of vision
feature detectors ✔✔sensors specialized to see lines
object constancy ✔✔things remain the same despite changes in viewers perspective
perpetual constancy ✔✔size and shape of object remain the same despite changes in physical orientation
accommodation ✔✔changing sense to match the reaction of the world around you
priming ✔✔implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
Gestalt Principles of Perception ✔✔the whole is more than the sum of its parts
proximity
continuity
connectedness
similarity
Rule of proximity ✔✔things close together belong together
perceptual set ✔✔perceptually stuck, can't see it another way
critical periods ✔✔time when certain experiences have to happen or you won't develop properly
ex: vision and language
sensitive periods ✔✔time when certain experiences are easier to learn
ex: when you're younger easier to learn a new language
organization ✔✔rearrange existing structures
adaptation ✔✔add, delete, or build schemes
assimilation: add to pre existing ones
accommodation: completely create new ones
sensorimotor stage ✔✔0-
no knowledge
only use sensory motor skills
object permanence ✔✔object still exists even if not directly visible
pre operational stage ✔✔2-
some logic
can't understand more than one thing at a time
egocentrism ✔✔unable to know any other perspective than their own
conservation ✔✔ability to understand that just because something is rearranged there is still the same amount of it
concrete opperational stage ✔✔6-7 to 11-
reasoning fully developed
still cant think abstractly
deductive reasoning- only reason within experiences
formal opperations stage ✔✔11-12 to puberty
imagine all possible outcomes
hypothetical and deductive reasoning
most people will not reach stage globally
germinal period ✔✔fertilization-2 weeks
create fertilized egg
cell divides
implants in uterus
-weight gain
-age
-baby gender
adolescence ✔✔begins with biological marker (puberty) ends with sociological marker
menarche/spermarche ✔✔first period/first wet dream
secular trend ✔✔lowering age at which young people reach adult height weight and sexual maturity
bc of better nutrition and medical care
primary sex characteristics (women) ✔✔ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
primary sex characteristics (men) ✔✔testicles
penis
scrotum
seminal vesticles
prostate gland
life span ✔✔how long you CAN live as a certain species
life expectancy ✔✔how long they DO live
cross sectional vs longitudinal ✔✔different ages @ same time
same people @ different ages
cohort effect ✔✔something that affects you based on age and environment
types of tests ✔✔achievement (level of proficiency)
aptitude (potential)
personality tests
ALL RESULT IN A NUMBER
