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Psych 100 Exam 1 / Study Guide Questions
with Definitive Solutions.
Psychology - Answer: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes 1879 - Answer: The founding date of Psychology Wilhem Wundt - Answer: The founder of Psychology Physiology and Philosophy - Answer: Two fields Psychology was born from Structuralism - Answer: An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind Functionalism - Answer: A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. Psychoanalysis - Answer: A set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders Biological Psychology - Answer: A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior (genes) Humanism - Answer: A philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance
Behaviorism - Answer: The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). Cognitive Psychology - Answer: Perspective that focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, learning, memory, and thinking Evolutionary Psychology - Answer: The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection Psychoanalytic - Answer: Sigmund Freud contributed to this psychological perspective Behaviorism - Answer: John B. Watson contributed to this psychological perspective Behaviorism - Answer: B.F. Skinner contributed to this psychological perspective Humanism - Answer: Carl Rogers contributed to this psychological perspective Humanism - Answer: Abraham Maslow contributed to this psychological perspective Clinical Psychologist - Answer: A psychologist trained to deal with serious mental illness; they do psychological testing, psychotherapy, and conduct research Counseling Psychologist - Answer: A psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of living Psychiatrist - Answer: A medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication
Independent Variable - Answer: Controlled by the experimenter to see its impact on another variable Dependent Variable - Answer: Variable affected by the manipulation of the Independent Variable Frontal Lobe - Answer: Lobe that directs thought processes; reasoning decision making Parietal Lobe - Answer: Love that controls sense of touch Temporal Lobe - Answer: Lobe that controls auditory processing Occipital Lobe - Answer: Lobe that controls visual processing Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital - Answer: The Four Brain Lobes Biopsychology - Answer: Specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior and mental process Neuropsychology - Answer: The branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes Neuron - Answer: Basic unit of communication in the nervous system; receive integrate, and send information Glial Cell - Answer: Cells that support the neuron, send and receive chemical signals, provides structural support, nutrition, enhanced communication speed, removal of waste. Glue that holds the neurons together
Sensory Neuron - Answer: Afferent neurons that carry messages from sense organs (spinal cord or brain) Motor Neuron - Answer: Efferent neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain (muscles and glands) Interneuron - Answer: Association neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another Dendrites - Answer: Receive signals from neighboring neurons Axon - Answer: Transmit signals away from the soma to other neurons, muscles, or glands Myelin Sheath - Answer: White, fatty casing on axon that acts as an electrical insulator and increases speed of neural signals Nodes of Ranvier - Answer: Small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons Terminal Buttons - Answer: Contain neurotransmitters Action Potential - Answer: If change in axon voltage exceeds threshold of excitation, axon lets in surge of Na+ Resting Potential - Answer: Na+ cannot enter the cell. Has a (-) charge Synaptic Gap - Answer: Where two neurons meet to transmit neurotransmitters
Autonomic Nervous System - Answer: Nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands. Performs unconsciously controlled actions Nerves - Answer: Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. Afferent Neurons - Answer: Sensory neurons that carry messages from sense organs Efferent Neurons - Answer: Motor neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain Endocrine System - Answer: Glands that secrete hormones into the blood (adrenal and pituitary) Adrenal Gland, Pituitary Gland - Answer: Where hormones are located Plasticity - Answer: The ability of the brain to adapt to changes or even have one side take over the other in case of damage Hindbrain - Answer: Contains the cerebellum, medulla, and pons Midbrain - Answer: Integrates sensory processes and includes the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and substantia nigra Forebrain - Answer: Largest structure in the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum Medulla - Answer: Part of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure and other unconscious functions (alcohol detection)
Pons - Answer: Part of the brain that controls some aspects of sleep and arousal and connects the brain stem to the cerebellum Reticular Formation - Answer: Runs through the midbrain and hindbrain and controls sleep, wakefulness, arousal, muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception Cerebellum - Answer: Part of the brain that controls coordination, equilibrium, and balance Somatosensory Cortex - Answer: Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste Primary Motor Cortex - Answer: The section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement Visual Cortex - Answer: An area at the back of the brain that interprets signals from the eyes, makes sense of what we see Auditory Cortex - Answer: The area of the temporal lobe that processes sounds Association Areas - Answer: Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking Limbic System - Answer: Contains the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
Just Noticeable Difference - Answer: The smallest difference in stimulation that is detectable Sensory Adaptation - Answer: Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Pupil - Answer: The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters Iris - Answer: Muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil Cornea - Answer: The transparent outer covering of the eye Periphery of Retina - Answer: Where rods are located in the eye Center of Retina - Answer: Where cones are located in the eye Eye Rods - Answer: Photoreceptors that control sensitivity to light and night time vision Eye Cones - Answer: Photoreceptors that control visual acuity and color vision Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision - Answer: The theory that states there are three types of cones in our eyes: red, green, and blue Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision - Answer: Three kinds of cell pairs (red-green, blue- yellow, black-white) that respond by increasing or decreasing rate of firing to different colors Gestalt Psychology - Answer: Principles where the whole is seen as more than the sum of its parts: proximity, closure, similarity, simplicity, continuity
