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A comprehensive list of key terms and definitions from a psychology 101 final exam. It covers fundamental concepts in psychology, including variables, research methods, sensation and perception, the nervous system, sleep, learning, and memory. Each term is defined clearly and concisely, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for exams or reviewing course material.
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Ans>> the events, characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that researchers measure and study.
Ans>> an individual person or animal a researcher studies.
Ans>> a collection of subjects researchers study. Researchers use samples because they cannot study the entire population.
Ans>> the collection of people or animals from which researchers draw a sample.
Researchers study the sample and generalize their results to the population.
Ans>> -To find ways to measure and describe behavior -To understand why, when, and how events occur -To apply this knowledge to solving real-world problems
Ans>> a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results.
Ans>> an explanation that organizes separate pieces of information in a coherent way.
Ans>> when others can repeat an experiment and get the same results.
Ans>> a researcher manipulates or changes a particular variable under controlled conditions while observing resulting changes in another variable or vari- ables.
Ans>> maintains that researchers should apply the simplest explana- tion possible to any set of observations.
Ans>> measurement of the strength of the relationship between two vari- ables
Ans>> if a test produces the same result when researchers administer it to the same group of people at different times, it has reliability.
Ans>> A test is valid if it actually measures the quality it claims to measure.
Ans>> the distortion of results by a variable. Common types of bias include sampling bias, subject bias, and experimenter bias.
Ans>> the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs
people to see in color. Remember (C)ones, (C)olor.
Ans>> receptors that are inside taste buds, which in turn are inside little bumps on the skin called Papillae. Used to taste
Ans>> the sense of the position and movement of body parts.
Ans>> states that pain signals traveling from the body to the brain must go through a gate in the spinal cord. If the gate is closed, pain signals can't reach the brain. The gate isn't a physical structure like a fence gate, but rather a pattern of neural activity that either stops pain signals or allows them to pass. Signals from the brain can open or shut the gate. For example, focusing on pain tends to increase it, whereas ignoring the pain tends to decrease it.
Ans>> a complex, highly coordinated network of tissues that commu- nicate via electro chemical signals
Ans>> cushions and nourishes the brain
Ans>> protects the cerebrospinal fluid by blocking many drugs and toxins.
Ans>> connects the brain to the rest of the body
Ans>> which are automatic behaviors that require no input from the brain.
Ans>> The peripheral nervous system has two parts the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
Ans>> consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to voluntary skeletal muscles and sense organs.
Ans>> consists of nerves that connect the central ner- vous system to the heart, blood vessels, glands, and smooth muscles
Ans>> make up the support structure of the nervous system, perform four functions
Ans>> For a limited time, there are more positively charged ions inside than in the resting state. This creates an action potential, which is a short-lived change in electric charge inside the neuron.
Ans>> lies next to the spinal cord and controls functions outside conscious.
Ans>> a sensory way station. All sensory information except smell-related data must go through the thalamus on the way to the cerebrum.
Ans>> lies under the thalamus and helps to control the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system.
Ans>> includes the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the septum
Ans>> the biggest part of the brain, controls complex processes such as abstract thought and learning.
Ans>> made up of hormone-secreting glands, also affects commu- nication inside the body
Ans>> chemicals that help to regulate bodily functions.
Ans>> biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours. Sleep follows a circadian rhythm. Hormone secretion, blood pressure, body temper- ature, and urine production also have circadian rhythms.
Ans>> There are five distinct stages of sleep in each cycle 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM
Ans>> People who have sleep apnea stop breathing many times during a night's sleep, and each time they stop breathing, they wake up briefly and gasp for air.
Ans>> also called "respondent conditioning" or "Pavlovian conditioning," a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the two stimuli.
Ans>> the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often
Ans>> the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often.
Ans>> the delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur
Ans>> the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often
Ans>> is the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often.
Ans>> reinforcement happens after a set number of responses, such as when a car salesman earns a bonus after every three cars he sells.
Ans>> reinforcement happens after a particular average number of responses.
Ans>> reinforcement happens after a set amount of time
Ans>> reinforcement happens after a particular average amount of time.
Ans>> the process of learning to respond in a particular way by watching others, who are called models.
Ans>> Processing information into memory
Ans>> focuses on what words look like. For instance, one might note whether words are long or short, in uppercase or lowercase, or handwritten or typed.
Ans>> focuses on how words sound.
life.
Ans>> the process of getting information out of memory.
Ans>> recalling a particular word becomes easier if another, related word is recalled first.
Ans>> unconscious retention of information
Ans>> conscious, intentional remembering of information.
Ans>> recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts.
Ans>> recall of how to do things such as swimming or driving a car.
Ans>> recall of general facts
Ans>> recall of personal facts
Ans>> is the proportion of learned information that is retained or remem- bered—the flip
side of forgetting
Ans>> remembering without any external cues
Ans>> identifying learned information using external cues.
Ans>> memory fades with time.
Ans>> has a better account of why people lose long-term memo- ries. According to this theory, people forget information because of interference from other learned information.
Ans>> happens when newly learned information makes people forget old information.
Ans>> happens when old information makes people forget newly learned information.
Ans>> pushing unpleasant or intolerable thoughts and feelings deep into their unconscious
Ans>> theorizes that psychological disorders result from the rein- forcement of abnormal behavior.
Ans>> A person with generalized anxiety disorder experiences persistent and excessive anxiety or worry that lasts at least six months.
Ans>> A person who has specific phobia experiences intense anx- iety when exposed to a particular object or situation
Ans>> A person who has social phobia experiences intense anxiety when exposed to certain kinds of social or performance situations.
Ans>> A person with panic disorder experiences recurrent, unex- pected panic attacks, which cause worry or anxiety
Ans>> involves anxiety about losing control in public places, being in situations from which escape would be difficult or embarrassing, or being in places where there might be no one to help if a panic attack occurred.
Ans>> A person with obsessive-compulsive disor- der experiences obsessions, compulsions, or both.
Ans>> A person with this disorder persistently re-experiences a highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli associated with the trauma.
Ans>> involves at least one distinct period when a person exhibits manic symptoms. Manic symptoms include any or all of the following Irritability Feelings of being high Decreased need for sleep Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
