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PSY 668 Midterm Exam Questions And Complete Answers., Exams of Psychology

Stanford UniversityPsychology

PSY 668 Midterm Exam Questions And Complete Answers.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

joyce-williams
joyce-williams 🇺🇸

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PSY 668 Midterm Exam Questions And
Complete Answers
Unique Issues distinguishing working with children as opposed to adults - answer -
Children do not self-refer
- Systematic issues (conceptualize at system & individual level,
- Developmental issues
Implications that children do not self-refer - answer - Motivation, feelings, & attitudes
toward treatment
- Subjective criteria for defining a problem
Recent trends in child & adolescent mental health - answer - Rising psychotropic
prescription rates for youth
- Physicians & insurances prefer pharmacotherapy over psychosocial
- Many psychotropic medications are not FDA approved for minors ("off-label")
- Disparity between prescribing practices & knowledge (safety & efficacy)
Conclusion of 2017 meta-analysis of child therapy outcomes - answer - Child therapy is
effective
- Larger effects for behavioral vs. non behavioral tx
- Adolescent girls gain more than teen boys or than children of either gender
- Gains maintained over 5-6 month follow-ups
Key Questions for child therapists - answer - What are the appropriate goals for treatment?
- When should treatment begin?
- Where & with whom should treatment occur?
- What type of treatment should be used?
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PSY 668 Midterm Exam Questions And

Complete Answers

Unique Issues distinguishing working with children as opposed to adults - answer - Children do not self-refer

  • Systematic issues (conceptualize at system & individual level,
  • Developmental issues Implications that children do not self-refer - answer - Motivation, feelings, & attitudes toward treatment
  • Subjective criteria for defining a problem Recent trends in child & adolescent mental health - answer - Rising psychotropic prescription rates for youth
  • Physicians & insurances prefer pharmacotherapy over psychosocial
  • Many psychotropic medications are not FDA approved for minors ("off-label")
  • Disparity between prescribing practices & knowledge (safety & efficacy) Conclusion of 2017 meta-analysis of child therapy outcomes - answer - Child therapy is effective
  • Larger effects for behavioral vs. non behavioral tx
  • Adolescent girls gain more than teen boys or than children of either gender
  • Gains maintained over 5-6 month follow-ups Key Questions for child therapists - answer - What are the appropriate goals for treatment?
  • When should treatment begin?
  • Where & with whom should treatment occur?
  • What type of treatment should be used?

Ethnocentrism & its consequences - answer - Mistaking one's own cultural perspective/norms as universal principles

  • Inability to step outside one's frame of reference leads to pathologizing and stigmatizing culturally different individuals Components of a culturally competent therapist (Shapiro) - answer - Awareness of one's own cultural background, including similarities & differences from other cultures, and including one's culturally relevant experiences & biases
  • Attitude of respect for other cultures & desire to learn about them
  • General, conceptual understanding of cultural variables in therapy
  • Ability to discuss cultural issues w clients in a comfortable, insightful manner
  • Some specific knowledge about commonly encountered client cultures How therapists might respond when there are significant differences between culture of a client & culture of therapy - answer - Explain how therapy works
  • Acknowledge differences between counseling practice and clients' traditions
  • Figure out ways to manage these discrepancies.
  • Relatively, superficial adjustments to therapeutic practice or culturally based client views can resolve inconsistencies, expand the reach of therapy and enrich the cultural endowment of our field Necessary conditions for informed consent - answer - Voluntary (free-will)
  • Knowing (aware of info)
  • Competent (cognitive capacity)
  • Documented (i.c. form) Circumstances in which a minor can consent to treatment - answer - legally emancipated
  • over 14
  • valid marriage
  • active military service
  • Confidentiality breaches are unethical and illegal
  • Therapist may assert privilege on behalf of minor clients
  • Limits of confidentiality should be discussed at treatment outset (and in consent form)
  • Encourage parents to respect child's privacy
  • Discuss roles and information flow with child and parents at outset of treatment
  • Legal, Ethical, & Cultural Issues
  • Informed Consent: voluntary, knowing, competent, documented Positive reinforcement (1) vs. Negative reinforcement (2) - answer (1) increase frequency of a bx by following w a rewarding consequence (2) increase frequency of bx by removing unpleasant stimulus Punishment (1) vs. Extinction (2) - answer (1) decrease frequency of bx by following it w undesirable consequence (2) decrease frequency of bx by removing reinforcers that maintain it Shaping (1) vs. Fading (2) - answer (1) The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. (2) Gradual reduction in the frequency of reinforcement Classical conditioning (1) Operant conditioning (2)

Modeling (3) - answer - (1) learning through pairing; previously NS, through pairing w a stimulus that naturally elects a response, eventually elicits the response by itself

  • (2) learning through the environmental consequences that follow a behavior
  • (3) learning a bx or an emotional response through watching model perform that behavior or exhibit that response Psychoanalytic guiding theory - answer - Deterministic (bx is not random, bx determined by unconscious forces)
  • Dynamic (interactions between different parts of the mind, personality is fueled by psychic energy)
  • Structural theory of personality (conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious) (later formulation: ID, ego, superego)
  • focus on emotions
  • defense mechanisms (employed bye go to cope w threats) -developmental perspective (psychosexual stages, object relations) Psychoanalytic therapy goals - answer - Insight (make unconscious conscious, replace defenses w coping strategies)
  • Expression (verbal/nonverbal expression of feelings, wishes, drives etc that have been blocked) (catharsis)
  • Development of an observing ego (monitor & reflect on one's own emotional states & bx)
  • Corrective experiences and conflict resolution Behavior therapy guiding theory - answer - focus on overt behavior
  • learning principles applied to reduce maladaptive bx and increase adaptive bx

Ego defense mechanisms (psychoanalytic) - answer -Id: operates through the pleasure principle (seeks pleasure avoids pain) -Ego: what balances and compromises between id and superego, known as a problem solver -Superego: focuses on morals and what is right vs. wrong Cognitive Distortion & example - answer Systematic error or bias in thinking Questions to ask to determine if treatment is needed - answer - Is there distress?

  • Is there impairment?
  • Natural history (likely course of presenting problem w/o treatment) Cognitive deficiency & example - answer - Absent or underdeveloped adaptive thinking skill
  • Example: deficiency in coming up with alternative solutions w/o using aggression Wholeness - answer the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Homeostasis/equilibrium - answer stability, balance, all systems seek balance or homeostasis. Families naturally seek a stability or balance point and then resist changing their homeostatic point. boundaries - answer divisions between subsystems. defined & maintained by explicit or implicit rules between the subsystems, between the family and the outside world.

enmeshment & disengagement - answer - enmeshment: Boundaries are absent (over involved & intrusive)

  • disengaged: boundaries are too rigid identified patient - answer The family member whose symptoms or behaviors are stated by the family as the reason for coming to therapy. reciprocal or circular causality - answer Each family member's behavior causes and is caused by the other family members; behaviors. They are each impacting the other in a circular, reciprocal manner. family life cycle - answer When you have children you have to think how to be mom and dad but still be husband and wife, these developmental changes can be stressful for families. Assessment - Brems Chapter 6 & Chapter 7 - answer Assessments: process of obtaining information about client to understand presenting problems/guide decisions re: treatment Consider goals/purposes of assessment - what is the question you want to answer Assessment goals: diagnosis, prognosis, determine whether treatment is indicated, treatment planning and outcome evaluations, referral questions Assess functioning across multiple domains: mood/emotional functioning, behavior, family relations, academic functioning, social relationships, recreation/leisure time activities Shapiro (5-7) The Therapist's Interpersonal Style - answer - Therapists being empathetic and focusing on the therapist-client alliance
  • Goals for child interviews- rapport building, information gathering, setting stage for therapy, observe parent-child interactions.
  • Build rapport: act natural, create permissive/safe atmosphere, get on child's level,

Ex. of a child playing doctor in session; reflecting his mother's illness and the child's observations from spending time in the hospital during her treatment

  • Observations of children's play should lead the clinician to ask questions/make comments about the meaning of the play. Ex. "The mommy doll sure sounds mad!"
  • Play can be a diagnostic tool
  • Observing play can tell the clinician about the child's organization, problem solving, maturity, etc.
  • Play can be used to avoid expressing emotion
  • Sometimes, children use the same play over and over, or resist getting involved in play Play Therapy Shapiro 22-25 - answer - Because play involves physical as well as verbal means of expression, and it draws on imagination as well as reason, play engages processes that are well-developed in young children, making it a developmentally appropriate window into their internal lives
  • Structured games, such as checkers and card games, reveal how the child thinks strategically, competes, and responds to success and failure.
  • Pretend play, which involves human or animal figures, imagination, and stories with themes and meanings, provides fertile ground for the exploration of emotional issues
  • Interpreting pretend play is difficult because different children play with different meanings. Ex. Does the "monster" represent the child's aggression, or their fear of "scary" adults?
  • In psychodynamic work, therapists use play to learn about the child's unconscious conflicts and help her work out resolutions of these conflicts
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapists make use of the "fantasy rehearsal" function of play: The clinician uses toys and pretend activities to model adaptive thoughts and behaviors, and the client practices these skills in the context of play Problems faced by play therapists attempting to do culturally sensitive work - O'Connor

(567-568) - answer The 5 key problems:

  • tend to believe children's play behavior is highly similar across cultures.
  • encourage children to express their feelings in their play and in the words they use as an essential step toward engaging in effective problem solving and conflict resolution
  • Most play therapy practiced in the U.S. is relatively unstructured, not goal or achievement oriented, and is based on a relatively casual relationship between the play therapist and the child.
  • relies on the parents and child voluntarily and spontaneously communicating with the play therapist. Play therapists often interpret apparent withholding as resistance rather than respect.
  • Traditional Western thinking tends toward linear and logical problem solving. Alternatively, many non-Anglo/Euro American groups feel more comfortable with an intuitive and holistic approach. Suggestions for culturally competent practice - O'Connor (570-572) - answer - Awareness/Sensitivity/Empathy
  • respect historical, psychological, sociological, and political dimensions of a particular culture and/or ethnic group and should be certain that the child and family feel that they accept their belief system
  • display an appreciation for strengths of different cultures
  • acknowledge to the client their awareness of the difference in cultures, and ask both the parents and the child if they have any concerns regarding this issue Concept of dynamic sizing - O'Connor (567, 569, 571) - answer - Play therapists should not generalize about all clients who belong to a particular racial or cultural group Social, economic, and political discrimination and prejudice are real problems for racial and cultural minority groups in the United States. Underlying principles and assumptions guiding play therapy - answer - Premise: Children