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This lecture is part of lecture series on Information Technology course. This lecture includes: Protocol Suites, Need of Protocol, Elements of Protocol, Types of Protocols, Functions of a Protocol, Osi Model, Merits and Demerits of Osi, Merits and Demerits of Osi Model, Tcp/Ip Protocol Suite, Physical and Data Link Layers, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Hybrid Reference Model, Internet Protocol, Internet Protocol
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There are rules governing how data is transferred overnetworks,
how
they
are
compressed,
how
they
are
presented on the screen and so on. These set of rules arecalled protocols. There are many protocols, each onegoverning the way a certain technology works.
Syntax
:- relates to structure or format of data, the order in
which they are presented. Semantics
:- relates to meaning of each section of bits
Timing
:- When data is to be sent
How fast is to be sent
:- If the communication
takes between two peer entities, then protocol is called symmetric protocol
and if the environment like client server
model, then protocol is called
asymmetric protocol.
:- If the protocol is
designed that it can be used for any computer in any situationthen protocol is called
standard protocol
. But if it is designed
in such a manner that it can be used only in a specificcommunication situation or for a particular model of computerthen it is called
non standard protocol
.
Connection Control ๏
Ordered Delivery ๏
Flow Control ๏
Error Control ๏
Addressing ๏
Multiplexing ๏
Transmission services
๏
PDUs may travel different routes, and may arrive out of orderwith respect to the transmitting order. ๏
๏
A receiver may not be able to able to process the PDUs as fastas the transmitter can send them. ๏
A receiver require some ways of limiting the rate oftransmitter. ๏
Flow control function ensures that data sent does notoverwhelm the receiver.
๏
PDU can be lost or damaged. ๏
Methods for detecting and correcting error is required. ๏
Retransmission upon failure of acknowledgement ofreceipt is a common method for handling lost PDUs. ๏
Cyclic redundancy checks(CRC) are often used to detectdamaged PDUs.
๏
Multiplexing is used to improve the efficiency and usageof the transmission medium. ๏
Functions exist to support frequency or time divisionmultiplexing as well as multiplexing the connection.
๏
Other type of services to the upper layer exist ๏
Three common services are : Priority, grade of service,and security
:- the application layer provides a
means for the uses to access information on the networkthrough an application. Some example of application layerincludes
Telnet
, applications which use
File Transfer
Protocol(FTP)
, applications which use
Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol(SMTP)
and applications which use
Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)
:- the presentation layer
transforms data to provide a standard interface for theapplication layer.
Coding and DecodingData compressiondata encryption
:- the session layer controls the
dialogues/connection (sessions) between computer. Itestablishes, manages and terminates the connectionbetween the local and remote applications.
:- The data link layer provides the
functional and procedural means to transfer data betweennetwork entities and to detect and possibly correct errors thatmay occur in the physical layer. Best known example of thislayer is
Ethernet
and
HDLC
for
ADCCP
for point to point or
packet- switched networks and
Aloha
for local area networks.
The physical layer defines all the
electrical and physical specifications for devices. It includespins, voltages, and cable specifications. Hubs, Repeaters,Network adapters are physical layer devices.
Merits
oriented and connection less services.
interfaces.
new protocols as the technology changes. Demerits