Introduction to Proteins and Enzymes: Structure, Function, and Regulation, Exams of Communication

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Introduction to Proteins and

Enzymes

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Basics of protein structure and composition

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The life of a protein

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Enzymes^ – Theory of enzyme function^ – Not all enzymes are proteins / not all proteins are

enzymes

• Enzyme REGULATION -^

Setting up an enzyme assay^ – Buffer, cofactors, substrate, enzyme

What is a protein?

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Linear chain of amino acids^ – Amino acid: NH

- C 3

X - COOHα

• 20 naturally occurring ones; essential

and nonessential

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Contains 3 or 4 hierarchies of structure^ – Primary structure: sequence^ – Secondary structure: alpha helix, beta strand, turn,

[random coil]

• Tertiary structure: beta barrel, ARM repeats, helix-

loop helix, etc.

• Sometimes contains quaternary structure (protein-

protein interactions)

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Properties of Amino Acids http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.ccp14.ac.uk/ccp/web-mirrors/llnlrupp/Xray/tutorial/protein_structure.htm

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Peptide BondFormation(a condensationreaction)

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Peptide BondFormed

http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C10/C10Links/www.ccp14.ac.uk/ccp/web-mirrors/llnlrupp/Xray/tutorial/protein_structure.htm

, and Hydrogen Bonds,

Dictate Secondary Structure

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http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/protein.htm

Three representations of an

alpha helix

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Ball and stick

Backbone

http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/protein.htm

Beta strands are connected by hydrogen bonds

Alpha helix

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Two beta strands http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/protein.htm

Helices and Strands Can

Make Folds

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EF hand in Calmodulin (helix turn helix)

A SimpleExample of TertiaryStructure

http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/protein.htm

Other Common Folds

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http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/glycolysis.htm#tim

Beta barrel

AB barrel

You can observe proteins

dynamically in three

dimensions

http://molvis.sdsc.edu/fgij/index.htm

Jmol website

The Life of a Protein

• Synthesis – Folding – Targeting – Function – Death

Protein Elongation

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http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/584proteinsyn.html

Protein Termination

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http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/584proteinsyn.html