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Protein Structure, Function, and Regulation, Exams of Biology

University of Virginia (UVA)Biology

A comprehensive overview of the key concepts related to protein structure, function, and regulation. It covers topics such as the different levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary), the role of protein complexes and macromolecular assemblies, post-translational modifications, allosteric regulation, and the cellular machinery involved in protein synthesis and folding. The document also delves into the structure and function of the nucleus and mitochondria, as well as the role of chromatin in gene expression. With a wealth of detailed information and numerous practice questions, this document could be a valuable resource for students studying topics related to molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/28/2024

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BIOL2200 MID SEM EXAM | 100% Correct
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
DNA that encodes information for proteins is within the ________ - ✔✔nucleus
What makes up the transcription complex that transcribes DNA? - ✔✔Polymerases and transcription
factors
Transcriptional complexes transcribe DNA into _______ - ✔✔mRNA
________________ machinery reads mRNA after it has been shuttled into the cytoplasm -
✔✔translational
Where are ribosomes formed? - ✔✔nucleus
______________ make up the translational machinery that reads mRNA - ✔✔Ribosomes
The amino acid chain that forms the protein is the _____________ structure of a protein - ✔✔primary
Alpha helices or beta helices structures are examples of ______________ protein structures -
✔✔secondary
Structural __________ are formed by combinations of secondary structures. - ✔✔motifs
A fully folded single protein is in its _______________ structure - ✔✔tertiary
Proteins often interact with one another to form _______________ - ✔✔complexes
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BIOL2200 MID SEM EXAM | 100% Correct

Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version

DNA that encodes information for proteins is within the ________ - ✔✔nucleus What makes up the transcription complex that transcribes DNA? - ✔✔Polymerases and transcription factors Transcriptional complexes transcribe DNA into _______ - ✔✔mRNA ________________ machinery reads mRNA after it has been shuttled into the cytoplasm - ✔✔translational Where are ribosomes formed? - ✔✔nucleus ______________ make up the translational machinery that reads mRNA - ✔✔Ribosomes The amino acid chain that forms the protein is the _____________ structure of a protein - ✔✔primary Alpha helices or beta helices structures are examples of ______________ protein structures - ✔✔secondary Structural __________ are formed by combinations of secondary structures. - ✔✔motifs A fully folded single protein is in its _______________ structure - ✔✔tertiary Proteins often interact with one another to form _______________ - ✔✔complexes

Two proteins that come together to form a dimer, homo-dimer, trimer or heteroligamers are examples of proteins in their _________________ structure - ✔✔quaternary Forming quaternary structures allows proteins to enhance ____________ or stability - ✔✔function The ___________ structure of viral hemaglutinin occurs when _____ individual trimers connect to improve function and stability of the viral protein structure - ✔✔trimeric What unit of measurement are individual proteins usually measured in? - ✔✔kDa (kilodaltons) What unit of measurement are individual protein complexes or machines usually measured in? - ✔✔mDa (megadaltons) S units represent ___________ units and is a non-linear measurement of proteins that measures the rate of sedimentation - ✔✔Svedberg unit Macromolecular complexes are typically ____ to ____nm in size - ✔✔ 30 - 300 How many components make up a ribosome? - ✔✔~100 sub units A dimer is made up of ____ protein sub units - ✔✔ 2 Assembly around a ___________ sub unit is a type of protein assembly that is involved in trimer, dimer formation - ✔✔core/central sub unit Mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes form using the mode of assembly in which _____________ sub complexes form prior to full assembly - ✔✔individual The different sub-unit components of quaternary proteins each have a different ________ to play. These roles include target recognition or binding, linkers, scaffolding, biomechanical, catalytic/enzymatic or regulatory functions. - ✔✔individual

GTPase switch is an example of ____________________ - ✔✔allosteric regulation II What turns ON the GTPase switch to increase enzyme activity, and activate signal transduction by catalyzing the exchange from G-protein-bound GDP to GTP? - ✔✔GEF What turns off the GTPase signalling switch by inducing GTP hydrolysis? - ✔✔GAP (GTP-ase activating protein) Spatial localization/segregation/compartmentalization is form of ___________ of the cell. - ✔✔regulation What are the two sides of the membrane termed? Side facing into the cell cytoplasm is called the _____________ face and the side of the membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm is the ____________ face. - ✔✔cytoplasmic, exoplasmic The nucleus and mitochondria are organelles that have a _________ membrane - ✔✔dual Transcription, translation, Protein folding and transport are all roles/functions of ___________ _____________ - ✔✔protein complexes What kind of protein machine would be used to synthesize polypeptides from mRNA? - ✔✔Translational machinery Does polypeptide synthesis require ATP? - ✔✔Yes What do chaperonins do? - ✔✔Fold proteins What cellular machinery has the shape of a barrel? - ✔✔Chaperonin Cellular machines are involved in the entire ________ __________ of a protein - ✔✔life cycle

Where are two genomes located in the cell? - ✔✔Nucleus and mitochondria What organelle does the outer nuclear membrane share a perinuclear space with? - ✔✔Endoplasmic reticulum What supports the nuclear envelope? - ✔✔Basal nuclear lamina What part of the nucleus DEFINES the nucleus? - ✔✔Inner nuclear membrane What separates the inner and outer nuclear membranes? - ✔✔Perinuclear space The nuclear membranes and nuclear lamina make up the ????? - ✔✔nuclear envelope What cytoskeletal filament is the nuclear lamina comprised of? - ✔✔lamins What is the site of ribosome biogenesis in the nucleus and forms around regions of DNA encoding ribosomal RNA? - ✔✔Nucleolus Nucleoli are generally defined structures due to their ________ of making __________ - ✔✔function, ribosomes __________ structure determines gene expression - ✔✔Chromatin _______ tails, (N-term or C-term) can be targets of of several PTMs - ✔✔Histone Unacetylated: chromatin is highly _____________ (transcriptionally inactive) - HETEROCHROMATIN - ✔✔condensed