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Problem Analysis: Off-Color Toothpaste and Mine Fire, Assignments of Chemical Thermodynamics

Universitas Indonesia (UI)Chemical Thermodynamics

Two problem-solving scenarios: the first involves an off-color toothpaste issue at procter & gamble, and the second discusses the centralia mine fire in pennsylvania. A k.t. Problem analysis for each scenario to identify the cause of the problems and potential preventive actions.

Typology: Assignments

2020/2021

Uploaded on 03/16/2024

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Nama : Anisa Nurfaridah

NPM : 2106650071

Kelas : KPM 2024

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2

Fogler 1st Ed. Chapter 5

1. The Exxon Valdez. It is 12:45 AM in the morning, March 24, 1989; you have just been

alerted that the Exxon Valdez tanker has run aground on the Bligh Reef and is spilling

oil at an enormous rate. By the time you arrive at the spill, 6 million gallons of oil have

been lost and the oil slick extends well over a square mile.

A meeting with the emergency response team is called. At the meeting it is

suggested that a second tanker be dispatched to remove the remaining oil from the

Exxon Valdez. However, the number of damaged compartments from which oil is

leaking is not known at this time and there is concern that if the tanker slips off the reef,

it could capsize if the oil is only removed from the compartments on the damaged side.

The use of chemical dispersants (i.e., soap-like substances) which would break

up the oil into drops and cause it to sink is suggested. However, it is not known if there

is sufficient chemical available for a spill of this magnitude. The marine biologist at the

meeting objected to the use of dispersants, stating that once these chemicals are in the

water, they would be taken up by the fish and thus be extremely detrimental to the

fishing industry.

The use of floatable booms to surround and contain the oil also brought about a

heated discussion. Because of the spill size, there is not enough boom material even to

begin to surround the slick. The Alaskan governor's office says the available material

should be used to surround the shore of a small village on a nearby island. The Coast

Guard argues that the slick is not moving in that direction and should be used to contain

or channel the slick movement in the fiord. The Department of Wildlife says the first

priority is the four fisheries that must be protected by the boom or the fishing industry

will be depressed for years, perhaps generations to come. A related issue is that millions

of fish were scheduled to be released from the fisheries into the oil contaminated fjord

two weeks from now. Other suggestions as to where to place the boom material were

also put forth at the meeting.

Carry out a K.T. Situation Analysis on The Exxon Valdez Spill as discussed

above.

Jawab:

Partial preview of the text

Download Problem Analysis: Off-Color Toothpaste and Mine Fire and more Assignments Chemical Thermodynamics in PDF only on Docsity!

Nama : Anisa Nurfaridah NPM : 2106650071 Kelas : KPM 202 4 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2 Fogler 1 st^ Ed. Chapter 5

The Exxon Valdez. It is 12:45 AM in the morning, March 24, 1989; you have just been alerted that the Exxon Valdez tanker has run aground on the Bligh Reef and is spilling oil at an enormous rate. By the time you arrive at the spill, 6 million gallons of oil have been lost and the oil slick extends well over a square mile. A meeting with the emergency response team is called. At the meeting it is suggested that a second tanker be dispatched to remove the remaining oil from the Exxon Valdez. However, the number of damaged compartments from which oil is leaking is not known at this time and there is concern that if the tanker slips off the reef, it could capsize if the oil is only removed from the compartments on the damaged side. The use of chemical dispersants (i.e., soap-like substances) which would break up the oil into drops and cause it to sink is suggested. However, it is not known if there is sufficient chemical available for a spill of this magnitude. The marine biologist at the meeting objected to the use of dispersants, stating that once these chemicals are in the water, they would be taken up by the fish and thus be extremely detrimental to the fishing industry. The use of floatable booms to surround and contain the oil also brought about a heated discussion. Because of the spill size, there is not enough boom material even to begin to surround the slick. The Alaskan governor's office says the available material should be used to surround the shore of a small village on a nearby island. The Coast Guard argues that the slick is not moving in that direction and should be used to contain or channel the slick movement in the fiord. The Department of Wildlife says the first priority is the four fisheries that must be protected by the boom or the fishing industry will be depressed for years, perhaps generations to come. A related issue is that millions of fish were scheduled to be released from the fisheries into the oil contaminated fjord two weeks from now. Other suggestions as to where to place the boom material were also put forth at the meeting. Carry out a K.T. Situation Analysis on The Exxon Valdez Spill as discussed above. Jawab:

Masalah Waktu Tren Dampak Proses Mengetahui jumlah kompartemen yang rusak untuk memindahkan sisa minyak

L L M DA

Kapal tanker tergelincir dari karang dan terbalik

M H H PPA

Masalah lingkungan akibat penggunaan bahan kimia pendispersi minyak

H H H DA

Ketersediaan bahan kimia pendispersi minyak yang tumpah

H L M PA

Ketersediaan floating oil boom H H H PA Menyalurkan gerakan licin di fyord H H H DA Melindungi pantai di pulau terdekat dari tumpahan minyak

L M M DA

Melindungi industri perikanan H H H DA

Problem 4. Off Color Tooth Paste. After Crest™ tooth paste had been on the market for some time, Procter & Gamble, its manufacturer, decided to offer a mint-flavored version in addition to the original, wintergreen-flavored product. In the course of developing the new mint-flavored product, a test batch of mint product was produced by the same pilot unit used to produce wintergreen-flavored product. The pilot equipment uses a tank and impeller device to mix the mint flavor essence with the rest of the ingredients to form the finished product (which is a very viscous solution). Some of the pilot plant product was packed into the familiar collapsible tubes for further testing. Tubes used in testing the mint flavor were identical to those used for the wintergreen-flavored product. In the packing operation, toothpaste is pumped through lines into the as-yet unsealed ends of brand new tubes. After filling, the open tube ends are heat-sealed. The packing operation is illustrated in the figure.

checked and found to meet specs. A subsequent batch of the wintergreen product was made and tested for storage stability, and as usual, no off-color problems occurred. Carry out a K.T. Problem Analysis to learn the cause of the off-color tooth paste. Jawab: IS IS NOT DISTINCTION PROBABLE CAUSE WHAT Pasta gigi mint Pasta gigi wintergreen Kandungan yang berbeda di rasa yang berbeda Kandungan dalam pasta gigi rasa mint bereaksi sehingga membentuk produk yang tidak memiliki warna sesuai standar ( off-color ) WHERE Bagian yang dekat dengan tutup pasta gigi Bagian yang tidak dekat dengan tutup pasta gigi Paparan udara yang berada di dekat tutuo pasta gigi Kandungan dalam rasa mint bereaksi dengan udara WHEN Setelah disimpian dengan jangka waktu yang lama Setelah disimpian dengan jangka waktu yang singkat Waktu Reaksi bervariasi dengan waktu Saat disimpan pada suhu yang tinggi Saat disimpan pada suhu yang rendah Suhu Reaksi bervariasi dengan suhu EXTENT Bagian yang dekat Di dalam tabung Pasta gigi yang berada di dalam Udara bereaksi dengan bahan kimia

dengan tutup pasta gigi tabung bocor tidak terkena udara dalam perasa Mint pada suhu yang lebih tinggi sehingga menyebabkan pasta gigi berubah warna

Problem 5. Chocolate Covered Bacteria. Chocolate butter paste is the primary ingredient used by a number of major bakeries for a wide variety of pastries. The paste is a very viscous liquid that is manufactured by Cocomaker Industries in a major populous city in the midwest. Cocomaker supplies customers as close as Dolton, and as far away as Chicago, which is a long drive. The paste flows from the production line into five-gallon drums, which are placed immediately into refrigerated trucks for shipment to the respective customers. Until February, all the trucks were the same size and the drums were stacked in rows three drums wide, four drums high, and eight drums deep. However, now two rather small customers each requiring 20 drums per day were added in the Chicago area, which, along with an increased order by the Chicago customer Hoyne , necessitated the purchase of a larger truck. The new truck could fit five drums across, four drums high, and eight drums deep. The truck would stop at the two smaller additions, Bell Bakery and Clissold Bakery , just before and just after stopping at Hone Industrial Bakers in Chicago proper. With the increased market in the Chicago area, Cocomaker is running at close to maximum capacity. Because the ingredients of the paste are mixed by static mixers , the pumps are currently operating at their maximum capacity and the plant is operating 20 hours per day. In November, Cocomaker was successful in luring two nearby customers, Damon Bakery and Oakley Bakery, away from one of its competitors. By increasing plant operation to 24 hours per day, all orders could be filled. As the Christmas season approaches, the usual seasonal demand for the chocolate butter paste poses a problem of meeting demands not encountered in previous years. It was decided that if the processing temperature were increased by 20 degrees , the paste would be sufficiently less viscous, and production demands could be met with the current pump limitations. However, the increased capacity began to generate problems as Christmas approached. The pumps began failing on a regular basis; a strike at the supplier of the shipping containers caused Cocomaker to buy from

EXTEN

T

Pembeli produk dari Hoyne Industrial Bakeries mungkin sedang sakit. Tidak ada masalah kesehatan yang dilaporkan oleh pelanggan lain. Masalah kesehatan pada pembeli secara khusus dilaporkan oleh Hoyne Industrial Bakerys. Kontaminasi saat pengiriman ke Hoyne Industrial Bakeries

Problem 10. The Centralia Mine Fire. Centralia, Pennsylvania, a small community situated in the Appalachian mountain range, was once a prosperous coal mining town. In 1962, in preparation for the approaching Memorial Day parade, the landfill of Centralia was set afire in order to eliminate odors, paper buildup, and rats. Unfortunately, the fire burned down into the passageways of the abandoned mine shafts under the town. Although repeated efforts were made to stop the blaze, the fire could not be put out. By 1980, after burning for 18 years, the fire had grown in size to nearly 200 acres, with no end in sight. Mine fires are especially difficult situations because they are far below the surface of the earth, burn very hot (between 400°F and 1000°F), and give off both toxic and explosive gases, as well as large volumes of steam when the heat reaches the water table. Anthracite coal regions have very porous rock, and consequently, a significant amount of combustion gas can diffuse directly up through the ground and into people's homes. Subsidence, or shifting of the earth, is another serious condition arising from the fire. When the coal pillars supporting the ceilings of mines passageways burn, large sections of earth may suddenly drop 20 or 30 feet into the ground. Clearly, the Centralia mine fire has very serious surface impact and must be dealt with effectively. Several solutions to the mine fire are described below. Perform a K. T. Decision Analysis to decide which is the most effective method to deal with the fire. Consider such issues as cost, relocation of the town of Centralia, and potential success of extinguishing the fire. Solution Options

Completely excavate the fire site-Strip mine the entire site to a depth of 435 feet, digging up all land in the fire's impact zone. This would require partial dismantling of Centralia and nearby Byrnesville for upwards of ten years, but available reclamation techniques could restore the countryside after this time. This method guarantees complete extinction at a cost of $200 million. This cost includes relocation of families, as well as the restorative process.
Build cut-off trenches-Dig a trench to a depth of 435 feet, then fill with a clay-based noncombustible material. Behind the trench, the fire burns unchecked, but is contained by the barrier. Cost of implementation would be about $15 million per 1000 feet of trench, and total containment of the fire would require approximately 7000 feet of trench. Additionally, partial relocation of Centralia would be required for three years, costing about $ million.
Flood the mines- Pump 200 million gallons of water per year into the mine at a cost of $2 million annually for 20 years to extinguish the fire. Relocation of the townspeople is not necessary, but subsidence and steam output should be considered, as well as the environmental impact and trade-offs of the large quantities of acidic water produced by this technique.
Seal mine entrances to suffocate fire-Encase the entire area in concrete to seal all mine entrances, then allow the fire to suffocate due to lack of air. This would require short-term relocation of the towns and outlying areas, and suffocation itself would probably take a few years owing to the large amount of air in the shafts and in the ground. Although this method has never been attempted, the cost is estimated to be about $100 million.
Use fire extinguishing agents-Pump halons (gaseous fluorobromocarbons) into the mines to extinguish the blaze. The cost for this method would be on the order of $100 million. Relocation may be necessary.
Do nothing - Arrange a federally funded relocation of the entire area and allow the fire to burn unchecked. Approximately $50 million would be required to relocate the town. (This problem developed by Greg Bennethum, A. Craig Bushman, Stephen George, and Pablo Hendler, University of Michigan, 1990) Jawab:

Keberhasilan Memadamkan Api 10 OBJECTIVES MUSTS Seal mine entrances to suffocate fire Use fire extinguishing agents Do nothing Tidak menghasilkan gas yang bersifat beracun dan dapat meledak. Tidak karena seluruh area ditutup beton GO Jika halon terlepas ke udara secara signifikan, dapat menyebabkan peningkatan konsentrasi gas beracun di udara NO GO Tidak melibatkan proses yang berpotensi menghasilka n gas yang bersifat beracun GO Tidak terjadi pergeseran tanah Beton dapat meggantikan pilar batu bara GO Penggunaan halon sebagai agen pemadam api umumnya tidak akan menyebabkan pergeseran tanah GO Tidak menyebabka n pergeseran tanah GO Api padam Api kekurangan udara GO Dapat efektif dalam memadamka n api GO Membiarkan api terus membakar secara tidak terkendalI NO GO WANTS WEIGHT Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Biaya 5 USD 10 0 juta 7 35 NO GO NO GO Relokasi 3 Sebagian 5 15 Waktu Pengerjaan 9 Jangka Pendek 10 90

Keberhasilan Memadamkan Api 10 Belum pernah dicoba 2 20 Maka, metode yang paling efektif untuk mengatasi kebakaran adalah dengan “ Seal mine entrances to suffocate fire”.

Problem 15. Safety in the Plant. A reactor-approximately 6 feet in diameter and 20 feet high in anammonia plant had to be shut down to repair a malfunctioning nozzle. The nozzle could be repaired only by having a welder climb inside the reactor to carry out the repair. During welding, the oxygen concentration was regularly monitored. Four hours after the welding was completed, a technician entered the reactor to take pictures of the weld. The next day he was found dead in the reactor. (Adapted from ICE Prevention Bulletin, 102, p. 27, Dec.1991). Prepare a Potential Problem Analysis Table that could have prevented this accident. Jawab: Potential Problem Consequence Possible Cause Preventive Action Contingent Action Reaktor harus dimatikan Operasi berhenti pada reaktor tersebut Nozzle tidak berfungsi Dilakukan pengecekan rutin terhadap seluruh bagian reaktor Memantau perbaikan bagian reaktor yang rusak hingga reaktordapat beroperasi lancar kembali Penurunan kadar oksigen Kematian teknisi Gagal memantau konsentrasi oksigen Pastikan pemantauan oksigen secara terus-menerus selama bekerja Memastikan terus-menerus konsentrasi oksigen dan seluruh parameter memenuhi standar pengoperasian