Privacy and Cybertechnology
ļ®Privacy concerns affect many aspects of
our lives ā from commerce to
healthcare to work.
ļ®We have categories such as:
ļ®consumer privacy,
ļ®medical/healthcare privacy,
ļ®employee/workplace privacy.
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Privacy Issues in the Digital Age: A Comprehensive Analysis, Slides of Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy
Privacy concerns in the context of cybertechnology, focusing on the acquisition, transfer, and retention of personal information. Topics include the loss and violation of privacy, informational privacy theories, and the role of contextual integrity. The document also discusses the value of privacy as a shield and its importance as a social value.
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2021/2022
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Privacy and Cybertechnology
ļ® Privacy concerns affect many aspects of
our lives ā from commerce to
healthcare to work.
ļ® We have categories such as:
ļ® consumer privacy, ļ® medical/healthcare privacy, ļ® employee/workplace privacy.
Privacy and Cybertechnology
(Continued)
ļ® Privacy issues involving
cybertechnology affect each of us,
whether or not we have ever owned or
even used a networked computer.
ļ® Consider the information about us that
can be acquired from our commercial
transactions in a bank or in a store.
Privacy and Cyberspace
ļ® Are any privacy issues unique to cybertechnology? ļ® Privacy concerns have been exacerbated by cybertechnology in at least four ways, i.e., by the:
1. amount of personal information that can now be
collected;
2. speed at which personal information can now be
transferred and exchanged;
3. duration of time in which personal information
can now be retained;
4. kind of personal information (such as
transactional information) that can be acquired.
What is Personal Privacy
ļ® Privacy is a concept that is difficult to define.
ļ® We sometimes speak of an individualās
privacy as something that can be:
ļ® lost, ļ® diminished, ļ® intruded upon, ļ® invaded, ļ® violated, ļ® breached.
Classic Theories of Privacy
ļ® Three classic theories have tended to
view privacy in terms of either:
ļ® non-intrusion, ļ® non-interference, ļ® control over/restricting access to oneās personal information.
Non-intrusion Theory of Privacy
ļ® The non-intrusion theory views
privacy as either:
ļ® being let alone,
ļ® being free from government intrusion.
ļ® This view is also sometimes
referred to as accessibility privacy
(DeCew, 1997).
Non-interference Theory of
Privacy
ļ® The non-interference theory views
privacy as freedom from interference in
making decisions.
ļ® This view emerged in the 1960s, following
the Griswold v. Connecticut (U.S. Supreme
Court) case in 1965.
ļ® The non-interference theory of privacy
is also sometimes referred to as
decisional privacy.
The Control and Limited Access
Theories of Informational Privacy
ļ® Informational privacy is concerned with
protecting personal information in
computer databases.
ļ® Most people wish to have some control
over their personal information.
ļ® In some cases, āprivacy zonesā have
been set up to restrict or limit access to
oneās personal data.
A Comprehensive Account of
Privacy
ļ® James Moor (2004) has framed a
privacy theory that incorporates key
elements of the three classic theories:
ļ® accessibility privacy (non-intrusion), ļ® decisional privacy (non-interference), ļ® informational privacy (controlling/restricting access to oneās personal information).
Moorās Comprehensive Theory of
Privacy
ļ® According to Moor:
āan individual has privacy in a situation if
in that particular situation the individual is
protected from intrusion, interference, and information access by others.ā [italics
added]
Moorās Privacy Theory
(continued)
ļ® Moor also distinguishes between ānaturally
privateā and ānormatively privateā situations
required for having:
ļ® (a) natural privacy (in a descriptive sense); ļ® (b) a right to privacy (in a normative sense).
Moorās Natural vs. Normative
Privacy Distinction
ļ® Using Moorās natural/normative privacy
distinction, we can further differentiate
between a:
ļ® loss of privacy,
ļ® violation of privacy.
Helen Nissenabumās Theory of
Privacy as āContextual Integrityā
ļ® Nissenbaumās privacy framework requires
that the processes used in gathering and
disseminating information are
ļ® (a) āappropriate to a particular contextā and ļ® (b) comply with norms that govern the flow of personal information in a given context.
Nissenbaumās Theory (Continued)
ļ® Nissenbaum (2004a) refers to these two
types of informational norms as:
ļ® norms of appropriateness ļ® norms of distribution.