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Principles of Learning: Pavlov's Experiments and Conditioning Theory, Study notes of Physics

Oakton Community CollegePhysics

This study guide explores pavlov's shift from digestion to learning, his famous experiment on conditioned reflexes, and the concepts of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, responses, and extinction. Additionally, it covers classical conditioning of fears and phobias, skinner's shaping technique, reinforcement methods, and observational learning.

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/04/2009

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Chapter Seven Study Guide: Principles of Learning
1. Explain why Pavlov changed his focus of study from the digestion process to the
learning process.
2. Describe the classic experiment that Pavlov conducted to study how the dogs
salivation reflex can be conditioned to respond to a new stimulus—a bell!
3. Explain which stimulus is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) in this experiment and why.
4. Explain which response is the unconditioned response (UCR) and conditioned
response (CR) and why.
5. (To p. 263—Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery) A conditioned or learned
reflex can be extinguished—that is, unlearned. So how could Pavlov extinguish
the dogs’ salivation response to the bell?
6. After the dogs have been conditioned to salivate to the ring of a bell, the principle
of generalization means that the dogs might also start to salivate to different
sounding bells as well as to a tone. Explain.
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Chapter Seven Study Guide: Principles of Learning

  1. Explain why Pavlov changed his focus of study from the digestion process to the learning process.
  2. Describe the classic experiment that Pavlov conducted to study how the dogs salivation reflex can be conditioned to respond to a new stimulus—a bell!
  3. Explain which stimulus is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in this experiment and why.
  4. Explain which response is the unconditioned response (UCR) and conditioned response (CR) and why.
  5. (To p. 263—Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery) A conditioned or learned reflex can be extinguished—that is, unlearned. So how could Pavlov extinguish the dogs’ salivation response to the bell?
  6. After the dogs have been conditioned to salivate to the ring of a bell, the principle of generalization means that the dogs might also start to salivate to different sounding bells as well as to a tone. Explain.
  1. Many fears are conditioned (learned) reflexive responses to a stimulus that had previously been associated with something scary or threatening. For example, people who fear dogs usually were bitten by a dog when a child. The bite is the UCS—we all would have a fear response to such a painful stimulus. But now the dog becomes a CS due to its association with the bite. Explain how people can be classically conditioned to a) fear doctors; b) deep water; c) small, enclosed spaces; and d) bees.
  2. With the four conditioned fears in #7, identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR for each.
  3. (To p. 270—Shaping) Explain how Skinner taught rats to press a bar in their Skinner box.
  4. Explain how positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement each encourage behaviors.
  5. Provide various examples of negative reinforcement—the removal of something unpleasant.
  1. Explain how knowledge of results can be a very powerful intrinsic reinforcement.
  2. (To p. 278) In certain situations, we receive a pay-off every time we make a response—continuous reinforcement. However, usually our responses receive a pay-off only some of the time—partial reinforcement. Explain how and why responses that are given partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than responses that are given continuous reinforcement.
  3. In some situations, we are given reinforcements relative to the number of responses we make—like how many cookies we sell or how many phone calls we make. This type of schedule is called a ratio schedule of reinforcement. Explain the difference between a fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules of reinforcement and provide an example of each.
  4. Sometimes we are given reinforcements based on the passage of time— interval schedule of reinforcement—like you can leave class after the passage of 1 hour and 15 minutes! Explain the difference between the fixed interval schedules versus the variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
  5. (To p. 284) Explain the various unpleasant side-effects of punishment (Skinner never used punishment with his animals and became a major proponent of dropping the use of punishment completely when teaching and learning).
  1. (to p. 289) Explain what observational learning is and provide an example of such.
  2. What types of models are we most likely to imitate?
  3. Explain how the “Bo-Bo, the clown doll” experiment was conducted and what the results were.
  4. What are the various behaviors that children are likely to learn through observational learning?
  5. How much aggressive TV are American children exposed to while growing up?
  6. What impact does this TV watching have on children’s behavior—as revealed by the changes seen in the children in a town in NW Canada?
  7. Explain the evidence for the conclusion that watching aggressive TV as well as playing violent video games increases children’s level of aggression.