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PRINCIPLES OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FINAL
EXAM||2025-2026||ACTUAL EXAM WITH 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
Biomedical Science - ANSWER - The application of the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to clinical medicine. Control Group - ANSWER - The group in an experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied. Dependent Variable - ANSWER - The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. Experiment - ANSWER - A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable. Forensic Science - ANSWER - The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law.
Hypothesis - ANSWER - Clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment. Independent Variable - ANSWER - The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher. Negative Control - ANSWER - Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created. Positive Control - ANSWER - Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results. Personal Protective Equipment - ANSWER - Specialized clothing or equipment, worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (as defined by OSHA). Adenine - ANSWER - A component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying
Guanine - ANSWER - A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base. Pairs with cytosine in DNA Helix - ANSWER - Something spiral in form. Model - ANSWER - A simplified version of something complex used, for example, to analyze and solve problems or make predictions. Nucleotide - ANSWER - A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Restriction Enzyme - ANSWER - A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) - ANSWER - Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes).
Thymine - ANSWER - A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base. Pairs with adenine in DNA Autopsy - ANSWER - An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death. Bibliography - ANSWER - A document showing all the sources used to research information. Citation - ANSWER - A written reference to a specific work (book, article, dissertation, report, musical composition, etc.) by a particular author or creator which identifies the document in which the work may be found. Documentation - ANSWER - The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) - ANSWER - A comprehensive set of standards and practices designed to give patients specific rights regarding their personal health information.
far from the source of the hormone. Insulin - ANSWER - A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. Negative Feedback - ANSWER - A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. Positive Feedback - ANSWER - Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. Example: blood clotting Type 1 Diabetes - ANSWER - Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. Type 2 Diabetes - ANSWER - Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.
Adenine Tri-phosphate (ATP) - ANSWER - A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis. Amino Acid - ANSWER - An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins. Calorie - ANSWER - The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie. Carbohydrate - ANSWER - A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide. Chemical Bond - ANSWER - An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound. Chemical Indicator - ANSWER - A substance (as a dye) used to show visually
Glucose - ANSWER - A monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar. Hydrolysis - ANSWER - A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water. Ionic Bond - ANSWER - A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Lipid - ANSWER - One of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water. Macromolecule - ANSWER - A type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids. Molecule - ANSWER - Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Monomer - ANSWER - The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
Monosaccharide - ANSWER - A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar. Nutrient - ANSWER - A substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health. Polymer - ANSWER - A large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together. Polysaccharide - ANSWER - A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. Protein - ANSWER - A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
Solute - ANSWER - A substance that is dissolved in a solution. Solution - ANSWER - A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solvent - ANSWER - The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. Anticodon - ANSWER - A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome. Codon - ANSWER - A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. Hydrophilic - ANSWER - Having an affinity for water.
Hydrophobic - ANSWER - Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - ANSWER - A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein. Mutation - ANSWER - A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity. Protein Synthesis - ANSWER - The creation of a protein from a DNA template. Ribonucleic Acid - ANSWER - A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single- stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. Ribosome - ANSWER - A cell organelle that functions as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of ribosomal RNA and protein molecules and is formed by combining two subunits.
trait. Genetic Material - ANSWER - Molecules responsible for heredity and variation of organisms. Genotype - ANSWER - All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group. Heredity - ANSWER - The transmission of traits from ancestor to descendant. Homologous Chromosomes - ANSWER - Chromosomes having the same or allelic genes with genetic loci usually arranged in the same order. Karyotype - ANSWER - A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape. Meiosis - ANSWER - The cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete- producing cells being reduced to one half and that
involves a reduction division in which one of each pair of homologous chromosomes passes to each daughter cell. Mitosis - ANSWER - A process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell, involves a series of steps, and results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. Pedigree - ANSWER - A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characteristics in parents and offspring over multiple generations. Phenotype - ANSWER - The observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment. Recessive Trait - ANSWER - A condition that appears only in individuals who have received two copies of a mutant gene, one copy from each parent. Sex Chromosome - ANSWER - One of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
Aorta - ANSWER - The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body. Aortic Valve - ANSWER - The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle. Artery - ANSWER - Any of the tubular branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. Atrium - ANSWER - An anatomical cavity or passage; especially a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles. Cardiovascular System - ANSWER - The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Cell - ANSWER - The smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently.
Inferior Vena Cava - ANSWER - A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm. Mitral Valve - ANSWER - A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve. Pulmonary Circulation - ANSWER - The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in systemic circulation. Superior Vena Cava - ANSWER - A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.
