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Thévenin’s and Norton’s
Equivalent Circuits
and
Superposition Theorem
Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
- Thévenin’s Theorem As far as its appearance from outside is concerned, any two terminal network of resistors and energy sources can be replaced by a series combination of an ideal voltage source VOC and a resistor R , where VOC is the open-circuit voltage of the network and R is the resistance that would be measured between the output terminals if the independent energy sources were removed and replaced by their internal resistance.
Thévenin’s Voltage VTh is the open-circuit voltage measured at the network output, i.e., VTh = VOC
Finding Thévenin’s Voltage ( VTh )
Thévenin’s Resistance R Th is the resistance that would be measured between the output terminals if the independent energy sources were removed and replaced by their internal resistance (i.e., independent sources are killed ). The resistance can be calculated by replacing the load with a test voltage and then measuring the test current after the independent sources are killed.
Finding Thévenin’s Resistance ( R (^) Th )
As far as its appearance from outside is concerned, any two terminal network of resistors and energy sources can be replaced by a parallel combination of an ideal current source ISC and a resistor R , where ISC is the short-circuit current of the network and R is the resistance that would be measured between the output terminals if the independent energy sources were removed and replaced by their internal resistance Norton’s Current INo is the short-circuit current measured at the network output, i.e., INo = ISC
Finding Norton’s Current ( INo )
Norton’s Resistance R Th is the resistance that would be measured between the output terminals if the independent energy sources were removed and replaced by their internal resistance (i.e., independent sources are killed ). Norton’s Resistance is exactly the same as the Thevenin’s Resistance. The resistance can be calculated by replacing the load with a test voltage and then measuring the test current after the independent sources are killed.
Finding Norton’s Resistance ( R Th ) Relationship between Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
From the two equivalent circuits we can deduce the following:
Thévenin’s Resistance (RTh) can be also calculated by dividing the open circuit voltage (V (^) OC) by the short circuit current (ISC) measured.
You can always replace a Thévenin’s equivalent circuit (i.e., any voltage source) with a Norton’s equivalent circuit (i.e., its equivalent current source). This operation is sometimes called source transformation. Sometimes, one can perform source transformation (i.e., replacing voltage sources with current sources or vice versa) in an electrical circuit in order to simplify the circuit analysis. NOTE: Any resistance in series will contribute the source resistance of a voltage source before transformation. Similarly any resistance in parallel will contribute to the source resistance of the current source before transformation.
Determine Thévenin and Norton equivalent circuits of the following circuit.
Example:
- if nothing is connected across the output no current will flow in R 2 so there will be no voltage drop across it. Hence Vo is determined by the voltage source and the potential divider formed by R 1 and R 3. Hence
- if the output is shorted to ground, R 2 is in parallel with R 3 and the current taken from the source is 30V/15 k = 2 mA. This will divide equally between R 2 and R 3 so the output current, and so
- the resistance in the equivalent circuit is therefore given by
- or
Solution:
- hence equivalent circuits are:
Solution: (continued)
Finally, Thévenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits of the above circuit (w.r.t. A & B terminals) are given below
Maximum Power Transfer
The maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when the load resistance is equal to the internal source resistance.
The maximum power transfer theorem assumes the source voltage and resistance are fixed.
If the load resistance is equal to the source resistance, then the load is called the matched (or matching) load.
Proof:
So , for maximum power transfer:
Then, maximum power that can be delivered to the load is:
What is the power delivered to the matching load?
The voltage delivered to the load is 5 V. The power delivered is
Example:
Solution:
Superposition Theorem
- Principle of Superposition
In any linear network of resistors, voltage sources and current sources, each voltage and current in the circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of the voltages or currents that would be present if each source were to be considered separately. When determining the effects of a single independent source the remaining independent sources are replaced by their internal resistance.
IMPORTANT: Dependent sources stay as they are. They are never killed while applying the superposition theorem.
In other words, independent voltage and current sources are turned on and off as we apply superposition while dependent sources remain always on.
Determine the output voltage V 3 in the following circuit using superposition theorem.
Example:
- First, let us consider the effect of the 15V source alone
Solution:
- Next consider the effect of the 20V source alone
- Finally, the output of the complete circuit is the sum of these two voltages
Example : (with dependent sources) For the circuit shown below, determine I 1 using the superposition theorem.
