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Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy Nutrition: A Comprehensive Guide for Students, Study notes of Nutrition

University of Missouri (MU) - ColumbiaNutrition

A comprehensive overview of nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. It covers essential topics such as dietary recommendations, food safety, breastfeeding benefits, formula feeding considerations, and introducing solid foods. Designed for students studying human nutrition and provides valuable insights into the unique nutritional needs of mothers and infants.

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

Uploaded on 02/12/2025

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suzanne-sussman 🇺🇸

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NEP E, Pt 2 Pregnancy Lactation Infancy
Course:Introduction to Human Nutrition (NEP 1034)
31documents
University:University of Missouri
Info
Download
AI Quiz
Multiple Choice
Flashcards
AI Chat
Lecture Spotlight E, Part 2: Pregnancy/Lactation/Infancy (Mon, Nov 14)
Recommendations?
- No “DRI”; only for alpha-linolenic omega 3
- European Union:
“Pregnant and lactating women should aim to achieve a dietary intake of omega-3…
that
supplies a DHA intake of at least 200 mg/d; intakes up to 1g/d DHA or 2.7 g/d of total
omega-3…show…no significant adverse effects”
→Sources: Fish, fish oil (EPA and DHA); DHA only suppl
Nutrition-Related Issues During Pregnancy
- Morning sickness
● Nausea and vomiting
- Constipation
- Pica
● May be a sign of anemia
- Gestational diabetes
● Elevated blood sugar
→ Routinely checked ~25 weeks gestation
● Risk of large-for-gestational-age infant
● Resolves after pregnancy
● Can increase risk of type 2 diabtes later in life
Dietary Supplements
- Follow advice of doctor, RD/RDN
- Focus on supplements such as
● Iron
-only universally-recommended supplement
● Prenatal multi-vitamin supplements
-for inadequate diet or high-risk pregnancies
- Vegans should consider additional vit D, iron, vit B12, DHA
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NEP E, Pt 2 Pregnancy Lactation Infancy Course: Introduction to Human Nutrition (NEP 1034) 31 documents University: University of Missouri Info Download AI Quiz  Multiple Choice  Flashcards  AI Chat Lecture Spotlight E, Part 2: Pregnancy/Lactation/Infancy (Mon, Nov 14) Recommendations?

  • No “DRI”; only for alpha-linolenic omega 3
  • European Union: “Pregnant and lactating women should aim to achieve a dietary intake of omega-3… that supplies a DHA intake of at least 200 mg/d; intakes up to 1g/d DHA or 2.7 g/d of total omega-3…show…no significant adverse effects” →Sources: Fish, fish oil (EPA and DHA); DHA only suppl Nutrition-Related Issues During Pregnancy
  • Morning sickness ● Nausea and vomiting
  • Constipation
  • Pica ● May be a sign of anemia
  • Gestational diabetes ● Elevated blood sugar → Routinely checked ~25 weeks gestation ● Risk of large-for-gestational-age infant ● Resolves after pregnancy ● Can increase risk of type 2 diabtes later in life Dietary Supplements
  • Follow advice of doctor, RD/RDN
  • Focus on supplements such as ● Iron -only universally-recommended supplement ● Prenatal multi-vitamin supplements -for inadequate diet or high-risk pregnancies
  • Vegans should consider additional vit D, iron, vit B12, DHA

Food Safety During Pregnancy

  • Fish ● Mercury in fish may cause CNS defects and slow cognitive development ● FDA/EPA recommendations
  • Alcohol ● Can cause fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS/FASD) ● There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy
  • Caffeine ● WHO recommends below 300 mg per day ● American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends <200 mg/day ● Brewed coffee contains 135 mg per 8-oz cup ● Colas have 40 to 50 mg per 12-oz can
  • Microbial-contaminated foods ● Listeria caused by Listeria monocytogenes ● Can cause premature birth, miscarriage, fetal death, and newborn illness ● Can be due to unpasteurized cheeses, unpasteurized milks and juices, unheated luncheon meats, pate, and meat spreads Food Safety During Pregnancy SUMMARY
  • Foods to avoid ● Unpasteurized milk and cheeses ● Undercooked chicken and poultry (and other meat) ● Marlin, shark, tilefish, swordfish, king mackerel ● Alcoholic beverages
  • Use with caution ● Raw, fresh produce ● Deli meats, hot dogs ● Fish from “good list” Resources
  • Health and nutrition information for pregnant and breast-feeding women ● USDA: → ChooseMyPlate.gov ● Academy Of Nutrition and Dietetics ● American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Postnatal Nutrition Issues
  • Returning to Pre-pregnancy weight
  • Breastfeeding/Lactation concerns ● Increased energy need because of milk production ● American Academy of Pediatrics recommends -Breat-feeding exclusively thru age of 6 months -Continue breast-feeding until 1 yr or beyond, while introducing solid foods at 6 months
  • 77% US newborns are breastfed

Challenges to Breast-Feeding

  • Uncertainty
  • Discomfort
  • Attitudes
  • Embarrassment
  • Work Issues Conditions that Preclude Breast-feeding
  • Infectious Disease ● HIV/AIDS ● Herpes simplex or chicken pox lesions on nipples ● Alcohol or drug addiction ● Surgery that involves nipple removal/replacement ● Cancer treated with cytotoxic drugs Unique Considerations of Infants
  • High energy needs per pound of body weight to support rapid growth
  • Immature digestive tracts and kidneys
  • Small size and developmental challenges Assessment: Growth Charts Measurements
  • Weight
  • Length
  • Head circumference →Weight/length-for-age percentiles
  • Look for consistency over time →”growth channel” Only breast milk or Fe-fortified infant formula for first 12 months →no cow’s milk until 1 year
  • Nutrient requirements for infants based on content of human milk
  • Formulas cannot duplicate immune factors. Enzymes, and other unique components of human milk
  • Soy-based and lactose-free formulas
  • Specialized formulas for specific medical conditions Formula Feeding Considerations
  • Designed to meet infants’ needs -Can be used as a nutritious additon to or replacement for breast milk
  • Lacks antibodies and other components in breast milk
  • Is expensice

● Should not be diluted

  • Consult physician to select appropriate formula Nutrient Needs of Infants
  • Infants need ~40 kcal/pound body weight per day vs ~15 kcal/pound for adults
  • 40-50% of calories froom fat →DHA for brain growth, maturation of the retina of the eye, and nervous system
  • No more than 20% of calories from protein
  • Extra need for: ● Vitamin D (breastfed need supplement) ● Zinc ● Fluoride (> 6 months if none in water supply) ● Iron (> 6 months)
  • Vitamin K injections of newborns to prevent VKDB (AAP: single, Im dose of 0.5-1 mg)
  • Fluids: at greater risk of dehydration ● Breast milk/formula: almost always adequate ● No sweetened beverages or juice in bottle (dental caries) Introducing Solid Foods 4-6 months
  • Rice cereal, oatmeal, barley cereal 6-8 months
  • Strained vegetables and fruits, 100% fruit juice, trained or chopped meats, cooked mashed beans 8-10 months
  • Cooked and mashed egg yolks, cottage cheese, yogurt, crackers, bread 10-12 months
  • Table food (in small pieces) AVOID THESE CHOKING HAZARDS
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Raw carrots and celery
  • Raw peeled apple and pear slices
  • Unpeeled fruit and vegetables
  • Popcorn
  • Whole grapes
  • Hard candies
  • Dried fruits
  • Large chunks of meet or cheese