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Predation, Parasitism - Entomology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Entomology

Insects as Organisms, Mating systems, Reproduction, Insect Diversity, Exopterygote neopteran orders, Insect Ecology and Evolution, Mutualism, Predation and parasitism, Aquatic insects, Evolution of eusociality are major topics of this course. This lecture includes: Predation, Parasitism, Defense, Hyperparasitism, Superparasitism, Multiparasitism, Social Parasitism, Predators, Random Search, Directed Search, Ambush Predation

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 08/30/2013

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Predation, Parasitism, and
Defense
Predators, parasites, and parasitoids, oh my!
Finding prey/hosts
Diet breadth of predators vs. parasites/
parasitoids
Hyperparasitism, superparasitism, and
multiparasitism
Social parasitism
Primary vs. secondary defense mechanisms
A smorgasbord of defenses
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Predation, Parasitism, and

Defense

• Predators, parasites, and parasitoids, oh my!

• Finding prey/hosts

• Diet breadth of predators vs. parasites/

parasitoids

• Hyperparasitism, superparasitism, and

multiparasitism

• Social parasitism

• Primary vs. secondary defense mechanisms

• A smorgasbord of defenses

Predators, parasites, and parasitoids

Predators, parasites, and parasitoids

Parasitic: Dermaptera Neuroptera Psocodea Siphonaptera Hemiptera Diptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera

Parasitoids: Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera

Predators

  • Usually larger than their prey
  • Require lots of prey individuals
  • Use a variety of tactics for finding prey

Directed Search

Ambush Predation

Parasites and Parasitoids

  • Usually smaller than their host
  • Do not require lots of host individuals
  • Mother may find host, or immature stage may find host
  • More specialized than predators
  • Hide in internal organs/tissues
  • Chemical mimicry of host
  • Use viruses to weaken host immune response
  • Eat the hemocytes

Host-finding by Parasites and Parasitoids

  • Directed search
    • Chemicals (of host, in frass, or of damaged host plant, of prevous parasitoid)
    • Sounds
    • Phoresy

Superparasitism, Multiparasitism,

Hyperparasitism

  • Superparasitism
    • Many eggs of same species
    • Upper limit
  • Multiparasitism
    • More than one species parasitizing a single host
  • Hyperparasitism
    • Parasitoids in parasitoids (Russian dolls)
    • Often facultative

Parasites of Social Insects

  • Kleptoparasitism
    • Females lay eggs in nest of social insect
    • Larvae eat brood of host or consume nest resources
  • Hostile Takeover
    • Female overthrows resident queen
    • Workers then care for her young
  • Slavery
    • Capture of brood from other species

Defense Mechanisms

Primary Defense Mechanisms (avoiding contact) Temporal avoidance (e.g., cicadas, moths)

Defense Mechanisms

Primary Defense Mechanisms (avoiding contact) Temporal avoidance (e.g., cicadas, moths) Spatial avoidance (e.g., pupating off of host plant) Hiding in concealed niche (e.g., gall, burrow)

Defense Mechanisms

Primary Defense Mechanisms (avoiding contact) Temporal avoidance (e.g., cicadas, moths) Spatial avoidance (e.g., pupating off of host plant) Hiding in concealed niche (e.g., gall, burrow) Shelter-building (e.g. leaf roll)