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Microbiology Pre-Matriculation Review: Key Concepts and Answers, Exercises of Biology

Answers to common microbiology pre-matriculation review questions, covering topics such as bacterial structure, growth, and genetics, as well as viruses and their replication. Students can use this document as a study aid to prepare for exams, quizzes, or assessments.

Typology: Exercises

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/24/2022

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Microbiology Pre-Matriculation Review Answers
The answers to the questions are shown in blue text.
1. What are the two major components of the bacterial envelope?
Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
2. What is the main function of a bacterial capsule?
Virulence factor that protects against phagocytosis
3. What is Gram staining?
A procedure to classify bacteria by the ability of the cell wall to absorb a crystal violet
dye followed by a red safranin counter stain.
4. What color are Gram-negative bacteria?
Pink, because they do not retain the crystal violet dye but do take up the red safranin
counter stain.
5. What are the three components of LPS?
O-antigen, middle core polysaccharide, inner Lipid A
6. What are two types of pili and what are there functions?
Common pili (fimbriae) mediate adhesion and sex pili allow for exchange of genetic
material.
7. What advantage does spore formation offer bacteria?
To ensure survival in a harsh environment; Highly resistant to heat, chemicals and
radiation
8. During what phase is bacterial growth the fastest?
Log phase
9. What are the four phases of bacterial growth?
Lag, Log, Stationary, and Death
10. In what phase does bacterial growth equal that of bacterial death?
Stationary phase
11. By what process do bacteria multiply?
Binary fission
12. Name two types of DNA forms found in bacteria?
Chromosomal and plasmid DNA
13. Describe the DNA structure of plasmids?
Double-stranded circular DNA
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Microbiology Pre-Matriculation Review Answers The answers to the questions are shown in blue text.

  1. What are the two major components of the bacterial envelope? Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
  2. What is the main function of a bacterial capsule? Virulence factor that protects against phagocytosis
  3. What is Gram staining? A procedure to classify bacteria by the ability of the cell wall to absorb a crystal violet dye followed by a red safranin counter stain.
  4. What color are Gram-negative bacteria? Pink, because they do not retain the crystal violet dye but do take up the red safranin counter stain.
  5. What are the three components of LPS? O-antigen, middle core polysaccharide, inner Lipid A
  6. What are two types of pili and what are there functions? Common pili (fimbriae) mediate adhesion and sex pili allow for exchange of genetic material.
  7. What advantage does spore formation offer bacteria? To ensure survival in a harsh environment; Highly resistant to heat, chemicals and radiation
  8. During what phase is bacterial growth the fastest? Log phase
  9. What are the four phases of bacterial growth? Lag, Log, Stationary, and Death
  10. In what phase does bacterial growth equal that of bacterial death? Stationary phase
  11. By what process do bacteria multiply? Binary fission
  12. Name two types of DNA forms found in bacteria? Chromosomal and plasmid DNA
  13. Describe the DNA structure of plasmids? Double-stranded circular DNA
  1. How are plasmids transferred between bacteria? Conjugation
  2. Name three ways in which bacteria are able to acquire new genetic information? Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
  3. What mediates the transfer of genetic material in transduction? Bacteriophages
  4. What are the two types of phages? Virulent and Temperate
  5. What plasmid encodes the proteins needed to form the sex pilus? The F plasmid (F = fertility factor)
  6. What are the basic shape classifications of bacteria? Cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), and spirochetes (spirals)
  7. What are some benefits of normal flora? Normal flora occupies attachment sites on skin and mucosa and thus prevents colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The flora also supplies nutrients to the host.
  8. What are some bacteria of the normal flora of the intestinal tract? Escherichia coli and Bacterioides fragilis
  9. What is a carrier state? A host with an asymptomatic infection, or who has recovered from an infection but continues to carry and possibly shed the organism
  10. Where in the body does S. aureus commonly colonize? The nose
  11. How does ELISA work? An enzyme linked to either a bacterial antigen or antibody reacts in direct proportion to the amount of antigen-antibody complexes formed.
  12. How does PCR work? PCR amplifies bacterial DNA using bacterial specific primers, free DNA nucleotides, and DNA polymerase allowing for identification of bacteria.
  13. What type of nucleic acid do viruses have? Either DNA or RNA, but not both.
  14. What is a viral capsid? A protein coat surrounding and protecting the genetic material