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haiku ✔✔a Japanese poem of seventeen syllables, in three lines of five, seven, and five, traditionally evoking images of the natural world.
iambic pentameter ✔✔a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable, for example Two households, both alike in dignity.
iambic pentameter ✔✔A commonly used type of metric line used in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythym that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet".
iamb ✔✔an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
pentameter ✔✔indicates that there are five "feet" in the line of iamb.
sonnet ✔✔a 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter with a rhyming scheme. Shakespeare's take form with abab cdcd efef gg.
annotation ✔✔a note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram.
denotation ✔✔the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.
gothic literature ✔✔A literary movement that began in 1764 that was an offset of the Romanticist movement with a darker spin. Themes include creepy locale, crazy and evil villains, damsels, unique heroes, hellish creatures, suspenseful and offensive emotional appeals. From ghost stories to horror tales, this genre reveals the darker and more disturbing side of ourselves.
The Enlightenment vs Romanticism ✔✔A clash in the 18th century between those who wanted reason and objectivity (E) and those who wanted to feel things and value emotion and imagination (R)
modernist literature ✔✔Beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this movement is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction.
third person pronouns ✔✔subjective singular: he/she/it
objective singular: him/her/it
possessive singular: his/his, her/hers, its/its
subjective plural: they
objective plural: them
possessive plural: their/theirs
compound sentence ✔✔consists of two or more independent clauses
simple sentence ✔✔consists of only one clause
complex sentence ✔✔has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.
clause ✔✔a syntactic construction containing a subject and predicate and forming part of a sentence or constituting a whole simple sentence.
sentence fragment ✔✔a set of words with no independent clause
dependent clause ✔✔a clause that provides an independent clause with additional information. On its own, it doesn't express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence (also called subordinate clauses)
independent clause ✔✔a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone (aka: a sentence)
predicate ✔✔the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject
A clause is dependent/subordinate when it begins with a ________ word: ✔✔subordinate:
because
when
since
who
while
which
during
despite
within
until
up
with
versus
without
prefix ✔✔added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning (ex. return, dishonest)
root ✔✔a basic word to which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) can be added to make it a new word.
suffix ✔✔a morpheme added at the end of a word to form a derivative
prefix examples ✔✔re- agian, back
un- not, opposite
dis- not
mis-wrong
pre-before
under-below
suffix examples ✔✔etic- relating to (athletic)
ette- diminutive/ smaller
ful- full of
fy- make, cause (amplify, terrify)
subject-verb agreement ✔✔A singular subject agrees with a singular verb, a plural subject agrees with a plural verb. (Your patience and consideration IS appreciated" should be "your patience and consideration ARE appreciated")
misplaced modifier ✔✔a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word. To avoid misplacing them, first identify the noun and its modifier.
omniscient third person point of view ✔✔the narrator knows and at least partially reveals the internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of the characters (think EB White's Charlotte's Web)
The four types of text ✔✔1. Expository
- Persuasive
- Narrative
- Tecnical
Expository Texts ✔✔Biographies, autobiographies, newspaper and magazine articles,
reports, graphs, brochures, charts are also techincal
Narrative Texts ✔✔fiction, they tell a story, have themes, have a beginning, middle and end, diaries, fables, myths and legends, plays, poetry
Technical Texts ✔✔non-fiction, gives information, contains steps, no humor, specific terminology- brochures, classified ads, recipes, directions.
Persuasive Texts ✔✔Author tries to convince the reader of something, takes a stand and makes claims, call to action- ads and commercials, debates, movie critiques.
Functional Texts ✔✔writings that are meant to help you out and solve a problem- product manual, forms, signs, public transportation schedules, etc.
Discussion model: Literature Circle ✔✔Assign groups of 3 or 4 students to leveled readers. Let them read it and then provide a journal promt. After they have written their responses, form discussion groups.
Discussion model: Think-pair-share ✔✔A collaborative learning strategy in which students work together to solve a problem or answer a question about an assigned reading. This requires them to think individually about a topic and share ideas with classmates.
Discussion model: Socratic seminar ✔✔A formal discussion, based on a text, in which the leader asks open-ended questions. Within the context of the discussion, students listen closely to the comments of others, thinking critically for themselves, and articulate their own thoughts and their responses to the thoughts of others.
Formative Assessment ✔✔a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment (unlike Summartive Evaluations- judgments made about the efficacy of a program or course when it has ended)
constructivism ✔✔a theory that states as readers become involved with a text, they construct meaning through an active process of integrating what they are reading with their own reactions, knowledge, beliefs, and ideas
constructivism places emphasis on: ✔✔how the social and cultural backgrounds of readers influence how they understand and experience a text
"Everyday Use" ✔✔Alice Walker
constructivists believe most learning and understanding occurs in a: ✔✔social context. Readers are better able to construct interpretations of and find meaning in a text when they have opportunities to engage in dialogue with others about a text.
schemas ✔✔cognitive connections that are molded in an individual's mind over time and shape the persons worldview.
How can a teacher use constructivist theory in the classroom? ✔✔By designing lessons that require students both to respond to and interact with text as they read and to interact with each other through authentic discussion and debate. Activities that provide opportunities to process, share, and examine their thought about texts are essential.
literary criticism ✔✔a formal study, analysis, and evaluation of literary texts
canon ✔✔a group of works that are considered to be culturally, artistically, or historically significant.
The Colonial Period ✔✔1620-
American Literature Periods ✔✔The Colonial Period
The Age of Revolution
Romantic Period
Transcendental
Anti-Transcendental
Transitional Writers
various essays and speeches ✔✔Thomas Jefferson- The Age of Revolution
Poor Richard's Almanack and other essays and speeches ✔✔Benjamin Franklin- The Age of Revolution
The Romantic Period ✔✔1800-
"The Prairies" ✔✔William Cullen Bryant- The Romantic Period
The Last of the Mohicans ✔✔James Fennimore Cooper- The Romantic Period
"Ain't I a Woman" ✔✔Sojourner Truth- The Romantic Period
"The Devil and Tom Walker" ✔✔Washington Irving- The Romantic Period
Transcendtal Writers ✔✔Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
Ralph Waldo Emerson ✔✔Self-Reliance and The American Scholar
Henry David Thoreau ✔✔Walden and Civil Disobedience
Anti-Transcendental Writers ✔✔Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville
Nathaniel Hawthorne ✔✔The Scarlet Letter
Herman Melville ✔✔Moby Dick
New England or Transitional Writers ✔✔Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson ✔✔various poem
Walt Whitman ✔✔"Song of Myself" and "Oh Captain! My Captain!"
The Realistic Period ✔✔1855-
Jack London ✔✔The Call of the Wild
Stephen Crane ✔✔The Red Badge of Courage
The Modern Period ✔✔1900-
The Great Gatsby ✔✔F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Modern Period
The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men ✔✔John Steinbeck- The Modern Period
Black Boy ✔✔Richard Wright- The Modern Period
Poet from The Modern Period ✔✔Robert Frost
Story writers from The Modern Period ✔✔Nikki Giovanni, E.E. Cummings, Flannery O'Connor, Alice Walker, Amy Tan
Play writers from The Modern Period ✔✔Tennessee Williams, August Wilson, Eugene O'Neill
Speech and Letter writers of The Modern Period ✔✔Malcolm X and Martin Luther King
The Lost Generation Writers ✔✔Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway ✔✔The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls
Harlem Renaissance Writers ✔✔Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neal Hurston
Zora Neal Hurston ✔✔Their Eyes were Watching God
The Post Modern Period ✔✔1950- present
Maus ✔✔Art Spiegleman- The Post Modern Period
Catch-22 ✔✔Joseph Heller- The Post Modern Period
