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An in-depth review of various topics related to coping mechanisms, affectivity, social support, and pain. Topics include the concept of coping, negative affectivity, optimism, self-esteem, different coping styles, types of social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Additionally, the document covers various aspects of pain, such as acute and chronic pain, perception of pain, and the role of endogenous opioids. Furthermore, the document discusses placebo effects and their determinants.
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PSY 3340 Test Review Chapter 7, 8 & 10 Coping- thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful Negative affectivity- a persuasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility; related to poor health Optimism – leads to better coping mechanisms and reduces risk of illness, optimistic people differ from pessimists in physiological functioning, are problem focused High self-esteem helps low stress Avoidant (minimizing) coping style- helpful if one can focus on the info present in the situation rather than on one’s emotions and if specific actions can be taken to reduce the stressor approach (confrontative,vigilant) coping style- may engage in the cognitive and emotional efforts needed to deal with long-term threats Emotion-focused coping – regulating emotions experienced because of the stressful event not good to use when two exams in same day, problem-focused better *emotion-focused better w/waiting for test results Types of social support o Tangible assistance (loaning money) o Information support o Emotional support (people care about you) o Invisible support Buffering hypothesis- the health benefits and mental health benefits of social support are chiefly evident during periods of high stress; when there is little stress, social support may have few health benefits Neuroticism is linked to more likely report physical symptoms Medical students’ disease- as medical students study an illness, many imagine they have it Recognition of symptoms – stress, mood 3 models of illness o Acute o Chronic o Cyclic (having symptoms in & out) Adolescents/young adults less likely to use health services, child/elderly more likely Between wealthy & poor, prevent health Somaticizers’- those who express distress and conflict through bodily symptoms Secondary gain- use symptoms to get out of something Illness delay- the time between recognizing that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment Study of wartime injures vs civilian injures, wartime injuries better b/c have meaning Nervous system in athletes injures – sympathetic Perception of pain = no subseption A delta fibers – fibers transmit sharp pain C fibers – transmit chronic pain
Endogenous opioids peptides- opiate like substances produced within the body, that constitute a neurochemically based, internal pain regulation system Acute pain- usually results from injury Chronic pain - begins as acute but does not acute over time o Chronic benign o Recurrent acute (migraine) o Chronic progressive (pain gets worse over time) Express pain – angry people deal more than silent people Antidepressants used to treat chronic pain Cutting nerve fibers – doesn’t work, grow back or make worse Counter irritation – inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area Distraction – low intensity pain Relapse after successfully completing – stop doing the things Placebo- any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not its specific nature, whether chemical or physical o ranges from drugs to surgery to psychotherapy o Provider behavior and placebo effects- how the provider interacts with the patient determines the effectiveness of a placebo o Patient characteristics and placebo effects- there is no “placebo-prone” personality, but certain types of patients show stronger placebo effects o Patient-provider communication and placebo effects- good communication is essential, the symbolic value the placebo has may enhance the placebo effect o Situational determinants of placebo effects- setting where placebo is administered has an effect, the shape, size, color, taste and quantity of the placebo also influences its effectiveness o Social norms and placebo effects- placebo effects are facilitated by norms that surround treatment regimens o Generalizability of placebo effects- placebo as a methodological tool, double-blind experiment comparison of a drug against placebo is essential for measuring a drug’s success % use complimentary alternative medicine