Practice Questions for Exam 1 - Deviance | SOC 213 | Exams Introduction to Sociology

SOC 213.002 Social Deviance Bogart Test01b 09-18-01

Part 01: Text (Thio) Items: Old

Chapter 2: Traditional Theories

1. Merton would refer to lower-class people who resort to stealing, robbing, and other deviant activities to

achieve accepted cultural values as: _____. A. retreatists B. rebels C. ritualists D. innovators E. conformists

(p.18)

2. According to _____ theory, deviant behavior is learned through one=s interaction with others. A. learning

B. status frustration C. goal-means gap D. reintegrative shaming E. deterrence (p. 24)

3. Hirschi assumes that all of us are endowed, like animals, with the ability to commit deviant acts. But most

of us do not because of _____. A. reintegrative shaming B. status retreatism C. the deterrence doctrine D.

differential identification E. our strong bond to society (p. 28)

4. Disintegrative shaming (Braithwaite, 1989) that occurs in the United States is characterized by _____ social

relationships, and _____ individualism. (p.29) A. stronger, stronger B. weaker, weaker C. stronger, weaker

D. weaker, stronger

5. The general pattern in the research on specific deterrence is most clearly supportive of the view that: A.

specific deterrence is most effective for white-collar crime B. specific deterrence is not as effective as general

deterrence C. the results are mixed and the implication unclear D. specific deterrence is not an effective

means of social control E. the research has a conservative political bias (p. 29)

6. According to the typology of responses to the goal-means gap, _____ is the most likely response for

alcoholics and drug addicts. A. conformity B. innovation C. ritualism D. retreatism E. rebellion (p.19)

7. Edwin Sutherland formulated a theory of _____ to explain how the learning of deviance comes about. A.

differential legitimate opportunity B. status frustration C. differential identification D. differential illegitimate

opportunity E. differential association (p. 24)

8. The law of ________ states that individuals will choose deviance over conventionality if they find deviance

to be the more satisfying alternative. A. differential opportunity B. legal reality C. social reality D.

differential reinforcement E. differential association (p. 26)

9. Reintegrative shaming involves making wrongdoers feel _____, while showing them understanding and

forgiveness. A. stigmatized B. ostracized C. rejected D. guilty E. innocent (p. 28)

10. According to Hirschi, people are likely to become deviant if their bond to society and their _____ are

weak. A. moral values B. social identification C. self-control D. conformity E. social control (p. 30)

Chapter 3: Modern Theories

11. AForms of the behavior per se do not differentiate deviants from non deviants; it is the responses of the

conventional and conforming members of society who identify and interpret behavior as deviant which

sociologically transform persons into deviants.@ This quote was made by a _____. A. labeling theorist B.

social learning theorist C. conflict theorist D. traditional theorist E. phenomenologist (p. 36)

12. AThe investigator goes into the situation to be studied with a totally open mind@ and expunges all scientific

notions and his/her own personal beliefs. This is called _____. A. conflict reduction B. phenomenological

bracketing C. feminist reality stance D. positivistic interactionism E. deviant reductionism (p. 41)

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SOC 213.002 Social Deviance Bogart Test01b 09-18- Part 01: Text (Thio) Items: Old Chapter 2: Traditional Theories

Merton would refer to lower-class people who resort to stealing, robbing, and other deviant activities to achieve accepted cultural values as: _____. A. retreatists B. rebels C. ritualists D. innovators E. conformists (p.18)
According to _____ theory, deviant behavior is learned through one=s interaction with others. A. learning B. status frustration C. goal-means gap D. reintegrative shaming E. deterrence (p. 24)
Hirschi assumes that all of us are endowed, like animals, with the ability to commit deviant acts. But most of us do not because of _____. A. reintegrative shaming B. status retreatism C. the deterrence doctrine D. differential identification E. our strong bond to society (p. 28)
Disintegrative shaming (Braithwaite, 1989) that occurs in the United States is characterized by _____ social relationships, and _____ individualism. (p.29) A. stronger, stronger B. weaker, weaker C. stronger, weaker D. weaker, stronger
The general pattern in the research on specific deterrence is most clearly supportive of the view that: A. specific deterrence is most effective for white-collar crime B. specific deterrence is not as effective as general deterrence C. the results are mixed and the implication unclear D. specific deterrence is not an effective means of social control E. the research has a conservative political bias (p. 29)
According to the typology of responses to the goal-means gap, _____ is the most likely response for alcoholics and drug addicts. A. conformity B. innovation C. ritualism D. retreatism E. rebellion (p.19)
Edwin Sutherland formulated a theory of _____ to explain how the learning of deviance comes about. A. differential legitimate opportunity B. status frustration C. differential identification D. differential illegitimate opportunity E. differential association (p. 24)
The law of ________ states that individuals will choose deviance over conventionality if they find deviance to be the more satisfying alternative. A. differential opportunity B. legal reality C. social reality D. differential reinforcement E. differential association (p. 26)
Reintegrative shaming involves making wrongdoers feel _____, while showing them understanding and forgiveness. A. stigmatized B. ostracized C. rejected D. guilty E. innocent (p. 28)
According to Hirschi, people are likely to become deviant if their bond to society and their _____ are weak. A. moral values B. social identification C. self-control D. conformity E. social control (p. 30) Chapter 3: Modern Theories
AForms of the behavior per se do not differentiate deviants from non deviants; it is the responses of the conventional and conforming members of society who identify and interpret behavior as deviant which sociologically transform persons into deviants.@ This quote was made by a _____. A. labeling theorist B. social learning theorist C. conflict theorist D. traditional theorist E. phenomenologist (p. 36)
AThe investigator goes into the situation to be studied with a totally open mind@ and expunges all scientific notions and his/her own personal beliefs. This is called _____. A. conflict reduction B. phenomenological bracketing C. feminist reality stance D. positivistic interactionism E. deviant reductionism (p. 41)

_____ conflict has to do with incompatible interests while _____ conflict has to do with discrepant norms and values that derive from definitions of right and wrong. A. social, cultural B. cultural, social C. Marxist, feminist D. Feminist, Marxist E. Legal, Marxist (p. 44)
Power theory is based on the concept of _____. A. female subordination B. organizational imperative C. relative deprivation D. capitalistic dominance E. historical legal precedents (p. 50)
The phrase Adeviance is traced to the exploitative nature of capitalism@ would most likely be attributed to which theory? A. legal reality theory B. feminist theory C. Marxist theory D. Symbolic interactionist theory E. Power theory (p. 48)
When individuals or groups are labeled deviant, some positive consequences for the community (as the labeler) can include _____. A. preservation of social cohesion and social order B. preventing more deviant acts C. creating new laws against deviants D. engaging in more deviant acts E. none of the above (p. 38)
The meanings that positivists ascribe to deviance are ________ in nature, that is, independent of concrete situations in which the deviant person is involved A. fundamentally problematic B. abstract C. definitive D. situated E. subjective (p. 40)
_____ conflict has to do with the discrepant norms and values that derive from definitions of right and wrong. A. cultural B. social C. religious D. legal E. none of the above (p. 44)
According to Marxist theory, the pursuit of increasing profit eventually throws some of the labor force out of work. These unemployed laborers are called. A. deviant population B. labeled population C. marginal surplus population D. subordinate class E. none of the above (p. 48)
Stronger deviant motivation, greater deviant opportunity, and weaker social control are three reasons that are suggested in _____ theory to explain why the powerful are more likely to commit profitable deviance. A. Marxist B. Feminist C. Labeling D. Power E. Conflict (p. 50) Part 02: Old Lecture Items Lecture 1 B Functional Theory
Erickson: The _____ of the community become defined (and maintained) in the critical transactions between (1) deviants and (2) official agents of the community. A. values B. norms C. mores D. boundaries E. terms of discourse
According to Durkheim, a society is best served if crime is: A. eliminated B. minimized C. optimized (neither high nor low) D. cyclical E. constant
In the perspective of Erickson, social systems create their identities primarily by: A. religious myths B. focusing on what they are not C. comparing themselves frequently to hated rivals D. a rigid caste system E. rites of passage
Durkheim believed that A. societies can eliminate crime B. societies of saints are examples of societies without crime C. scandals and public outrages mobilize he collective sentiments D. crime exists in the absolute sense E. progress requires that people be obedient and orderly
According to Kingsley Davis, in his work AThe Sociology of Prostitution@, the act of prostitution exists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____ A. society is lenient in its toleration of unrestricted indulgence in recreational sex B. it provides erotic release of a promiscuous, non-emotionally complicating

Daniel Glaser=s theory implies that people who pursue criminal behavior accept others who display criminal behavior as role models. His theory is called ____ A. new differential association theory B. criminal modeling theory C. criminal identification theory D. differential identification theory E. behavior learning theory
According to Gresham Sykes and David Matza, the phrase which says Athe police get by with worse@, would best describe the technique of neutralization known as _____ A. the denial of injury B. an appeal to higher loyalties C. condemnation of the condemners D. the denial of responsibility E. the denial of the victim
In the 9 principles of their theory of crime, Sutherland and Cressey seem most clearly interested in demonstrating that crime is A. normal B. biologically rooted C. psychologically abnormal D. a failure of group norms E. sociologically explained
Which of the following would be the least apt example of Cressey=s Atrust violator.@ A. child abuser B. bank embezzler C. inside trader (in stocks) D. organizational treasurer who is accused of using money for personal convenience E. computer programmer who figures out how to skim a cent on every transaction into a slush fund
Highly principled citizens who have avoided gambling all their lives may be willing to participate in a lottery when they are led to believe that major beneficiaries are college students. This would most aptly illustrate the technique of A. appeal to higher loyalties B. denying responsibility C. denying injury D. denying victim E. condemning the condemners Part 3: New Text (Thio) Items Chapter 2 B Traditional Theories of Deviance
Joe is a sociologist who is undertaking a study of drug use. He is interested in how single-parent families and poor neighborhoods lead to more problems of drug addiction. Joe is following a _____ theory of deviant behavior. A. positivist B. constructionist C. scientific D. historical E. ritualistic (p. 17)
The essence of several types of strain theory is that the experience of A. personal, psychological strain leads to deviant behavior B. socially induced strain forces people to commit deviant acts C. significant social and political conflict leads to deviant acts D. cultural change leads to social strain and outbreaks of deviant behavior E. all of the above are true (p. 17)
According to Albert Cohen, when lower-class boys experience status frustration they set up their own competitive system in the form of A. After-school study groups B. Violent gangs C. Religious groups D. Delinquent subcultures E. Boy=s clubs (p. 21)
Cloward and Ohlin used the concept of differential illegitimate opportunity to mean that some members of the lower class have A. a greater chance to become middle-class through the use of illegitimate opportunities B. virtually no chance to escape their class situation C. more opportunities to pursue legitimate opportunities D. more positivist cultural values than others E. less opportunities to pursue illegitimate opportunities (p. 21)
Hank is a sociologist investigating the causes of crime. He is interested in how some areas of the city have traditions of crime that persist over generations, and how individuals easily move into groups following those traditions. What theory of deviance is guiding Hank=s research? A. labeling B. control C. differential association D. social reality E. strain (p. 24)
Burgess and Akers find Sutherland=s differential association theory inadequate because it A. ignores the individual=s decision-making ability B. is too ambiguous C. favors the wealthy D. does not specify what is

involved in the process of learning to become a criminal E. is not empirically testable (p. 25)

According to control theories of deviance, the central question is A. what causes white-collar crime B. what causes conformity C. what causes deviance D. what causes criminality E. what is the definition of deviance (p. 27)
The deterrence doctrine assumes that human beings, when anticipating deviant behavior, are A. basically rational B. basically irrational C. not aware of the consequences D. mentally ill E. none of the above (p. 29)
Sociologists criticizing control theory point out that control can become a possible cause of deviance. They therefore conclude that most versions of this theory are too A. underdeveloped B. difficult to understand C. simplistic D. focused on society=s unattainable goals E. obscure (p. 31)
Merton=s ritualists and retreatists have one thing in common, which is the absence of high success goals in their lives. A. true B. false (p. 19) Chapter 3 B Modern Theories of Deviance
Which of the following statements reflects the symbolic interactionist=s view of human beings? A. humans are simply a medium on which social forces operate in a neutral way B. humans face, deal with, and act toward the objects they encounter C. human behavior is totally unpredictable D. human behavior largely follows well-established patterns E. individuals have little awareness about what is going on around them (p.

According to Lemert, what is the first act in the sequence of interaction leading to secondary deviation? A. primary deviation B. a deviant impulse C. tertiary deviation D. the confession of deviance E. being apprehended after committing a crime (p. 37)
One reason why labeling theory has enjoyed tremendous popularity among sociologists is because this theory A. supports many of the basic ideas of traditional theories of deviance B. firmly locates the role of the powerful in creating deviant labels C. is easy for students to understand D. has considerable data to support some of its basic ideas E. is isolated from all other sociological theories (p. 38)
What do phenomenologists mean by the deviant reality? A. the nature of deviant behavior as seen by scientific sociologists B. the characteristics of deviance as shown by objectively acquired data C. the reality of deviance as defined as such by the powerful D. the subjective meaning that deviants impute to their own deviant experience E. the definition arrived upon by experts (p. 39)
At the heart of the conflict between phenomenologists and positivists is A. different philosophical views of humanity B. different views on the punishment of deviants C. whether deviance is a primary or secondary phenomenon D. whether sociology should even study immoral behavior like deviance E. different ideas about right and wrong (p. 40)
Harold Garfinkel studied Agnus, who was a person seeking a sex change operation, and discovered that she considered herself A. both a man and a woman at the same time B. a normal woman with a physical defect (a penis) C. a sexual freak D. a normal man with several physical defects E. a dysfunctional man (p.42)
The incompatible interests, needs, and desires of diverse groups of people in society can lead to A. deviant behavior B. social conflict C. cultural conformity D. political anarchy E. social strain (p. 44)
Quinney and other conflict theorists see something terribly wrong with existing society, and have called for A. a more extensive study of the sociology of deviance B. a revolution C. political action D. less deviant

C. Wright Mills used the term Asocial pathologists@ to describe A. incarcerated criminals B. early Chicago sociologists C. robber barons D. the Republican administration in power at that time E. medical doctors Lecture 3 B Anomie Theory
In writing about anomie, Merton felt that A. society creates deviance B. human choice advanced deviance C. economic determinism could counteract deviance D. the U.S. was the model society E. cultural diversity would eventually eliminate anomie
Durkheim=s anomie theory begins with the assumption that A. humans are selfish B. humans lack self- control C. human rationality diminishes in a riot situation D. universal cultural values prevailed E. human progress will decrease with each century
Merton felt there could be several responses to anomie. For those choosing rebellion as a response, he said that it (rebellion) begins first with the stage of A. ritualism B. conformity C. introspection D. determinism E. retreatism
When Durkheim referred to anomie, he concentrated on the absence of social norms. To which social norms was he referring? A. laws B. customs C. The Ten Commandments D. Those parental lessons that many criminals did not learn E. a. and b.
In his work AIllegitimate Means, Anomie, and Deviant Behavior, Richard Cloward suggested consolidating two approaches. They were A. Durkheim=s anomie, and Kobrin=s delinquency approach B. Sutherland=s differential association, and Merton=s goals/means disjunction C. Cloward=s differential access, and Merton=s disjunction of goals/means approach D. Durkheim=s anomie, and Sutherland=s differential association E. Durkheim=s anomie, and Cloward=s differential access approach Lecture 4 B Differential Association Theory
Glasser felt that Sutherland=s Differential Association theory was too ________, and proposed that a process of identification with criminals also had to take place. A. restrictive B. mechanistic C. liberal D. sociological E. compulsory
Glaser=s theory implies that people who engage in criminal behavior welcome others (as role models) who display criminal behavior. Glaser=s theory is called A. behavior learning theory B. differential identification theory C. criminal identification theory D. criminal modeling theory E. the new differential association theory
According to Cressey, Atrust violators@ use a certain method that is necessary and essential to their criminal activities. This method is A. utilizing unusual job-related skills B. displaying unsocial pathology C. a variety of Acon games@ D. rationalizations E. superior social skills
A developmental theory which emphasizes continued exposure to criminal associations over a period of time, before the criminal behavior becomes permanent, was developed by A. Glaser B. Durkheim and Merton C. Sutherland and Hirschi D. Merton E. Sutherland and Cressey
Sutherland=s theory of Differential Association explains criminality on a group level, but does not address criminality as an individual phenomenon. A. true B. false 1

Practice Questions for Exam 1 - Deviance | SOC 213, Exams of Introduction to Sociology

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