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Portage Microbiology Module 2 Exam |Questions
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cellular metabolism ✔✔a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life enzyme ✔✔a protein, or group of proteins, that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions/is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell cofactor ✔✔a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist enzymes during the catalysis reactions/serve as regulators of chemical reactions: in their absence, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active catabolism ✔✔the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources anabolism ✔✔the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes anabolism ✔✔used during growth and repair phases of the cell ATP ✔✔most widely used form of energy in the cells donate/accept ✔✔ATP has energy to _________ while ADP can ___________ energy (phosphate group) to become ATP
phototrophs ✔✔acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP chemotrophs ✔✔acquire energy from preformed (already existing) chemicals found in the environment organotrophs ✔✔removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose lithotrophs ✔✔remove electrons from inorganic molecules such as elemental sulfur carbon ✔✔in order to carry out metabolic processes, microbes must also have a source of... heterotroph ✔✔a microorganism that derives its carbon from organic molecules such as sugars autotroph ✔✔organisms that derive their carbon from inorganic molecules, most often from carbon dioxide (CO2) phosphorylation ✔✔the addition of a phosphate group photophosphorylation ✔✔light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP substrate-level phosphorylation ✔✔the phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is transferred and donated (added) directly to ADP
respiration ✔✔a more efficient aerobic process used by microorganisms to produce energy tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle ✔✔central pathway of respiration/requires an additional coenzyme similar to NAD called flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) products of TCA ✔✔2 ATP in total (one for each pyruvate processed) and an abundance of reduced electron carriers: NADH and FADH primary function of the TCA cycle ✔✔production of these reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)/the transfer of these electrons will fuel the generation of ATP via the electron transport system electron transport chain ✔✔a continuation of cellular respiration and can proceed either aerobically or anaerobically anaerobic respiration ✔✔less efficient and yields fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration mitochondria ✔✔as electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors (O2; aerobic respiration), energy is released and captured by electron acceptor proteins located in the inner membrane of.... protons ✔✔electrons are then passed down a chain of electron acceptors (thus the name) causing ___________ (H+; positive charge) to be pumped out of the membrane, causing a strong differential across the mitochondrial membrane,
proton motive force ✔✔drives H+ back through the ATP synthase complex, also located in the membrane, resulting in the production of up to 34 molecules of ATP polysaccharides ✔✔typically molecules that are too large to be transported directly across the plasma membrane. Instead microbes must secrete enzymes capable of degrading the polymer into small, more manageable subunits direct contact ✔✔________________ w/ a polysaccharide is often required by the microorganism to ensure maximal absorption proteins ✔✔must also be broken into smaller subunits or individual amino acids by enzymes protease ✔✔an enzyme that catabolizes protein amino acid ✔✔a rich source of nutrients as they are a source not only of carbon and energy but also nitrogen and sulfur lipids ✔✔rich in energy, often having many reduced carbon molecules lipase ✔✔separate the fatty acid chains from the glycerol backbone lipid backbone ✔✔processed for carbon and energy fatty acid chain ✔✔degraded via the β-oxidation pathway
carbon fixation ✔✔to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into organic carbon compounds and useful carbohydrates primary function of Calvin cycle ✔✔to produce the three-carbon compound glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3P), which, through a series of steps, eventually leads to the generation of glucose end byproducts ✔✔__________________ of the Calvin cycle supplies the molecules required during the light reactions, just as the end products of the light reactions enables the dark reactions to occur six ✔✔in order for sufficient resupply, the Calvin cycle requires _______ 'turns' (or repetitions) to generate one molecule of glucose homeostasis ✔✔in order to maintain ________________, the optimal level of activity for a stable environment, enzymes are very specific and will only effectively catalyze a specific chemical reaction catalase ✔✔accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen/without it, a cell would be unprotected from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and could not survive hydrolase ✔✔catalyze hydrolysis—the cleavage or breaking apart of chemical bonds by the addition of water. (i.e.) A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H isomerase ✔✔promote intramolecular rearrangements by altering bonds and/or confirmations within the same molecule producing a different molecule having the same molecular formula, also known as an isomer. (i.e.) A-B→ B-A
ligase ✔✔cause covalent bonds to be formed between molecules. (i.e.) A + B → A-B lyase ✔✔cause the cleavage (break) of bonds by means other than via hydrolysis or oxidation. (i.e.) A-B → A + B oxidoreductase ✔✔catalyze the transfer of electrons from the reductant (electron donor) to the oxidant (electron acceptor). (i.e.) A— + B →A + B— transferase ✔✔acts to transfer a specific functional group from one molecule to another. (i.e.) Ab + C → A + Cb active site ✔✔specificity of an enzyme is heavily influenced by its ________________, a unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules
