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Portage Learning NURS 231 final Exam
with 100% Verified Answers.
Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances. True or False
Exam 1 - Correct Answer: ✅✅False
Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. True or False
Exam 1 - Correct Answer: ✅✅True
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply
Exam 1
It is involved in cellular respiration
They are found far from the site of energy consumption
They play a role in apoptosis
They control free radicals - Correct Answer: ✅✅It is involved in cellular respiration
They play a role in apoptosis
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply
Exam 1
- Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
2 )The main structural component is made of proteins
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation - Correct Answer: ✅✅Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis
Exam 1 - Correct Answer: ✅✅Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced to an area. The area is dehydrated and becomes dark or black in color. Commonly seen in patients with diabetes. It is not very painful, but tissues eventually die.
Wet gangrene is caused by a sudden reduction in blood flow. The area is cold and swollen, with no pulse. This can occur from trauma. Bacteria is involved and is very painful. It has the appearance of pus, because it looks wet. There is also a foul smell
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types. True or False
Exam 2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅False Answer: cell differentiation
Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. True or False
Exam 2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅False, Answer: cell proliferation
What are two important properties that stem cells possess
Exam 2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅Potency and self-renewal
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide
Exam 2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅progenitor or parent cells
is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
Exam 2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅chemotherapy
The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as
Exam 2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
Exam 4
Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear
Loss of intrinsic factor
Decreased erythropoietin
Decreased ferritin - Correct Answer: ✅✅Sickle cells on peripheral blood smear
Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
Exam 4
Dietary deficiencies are not common
Peripheral neuropathy can be a result of deficiency
Vitamin B12 is bound to intrinsic factor
MCV is decreased - Correct Answer: ✅✅MCV is decreased
Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except:
Exam 4
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
High cholesterol diet
Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor - Correct Answer: ✅✅Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor
Risk factors for coronary heart disease include each of the following except
HDL > 60
Smoking
Hypertension
Family history of heart disease - Correct Answer: ✅✅HDL > 60
is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
Exam 5 - Correct Answer: ✅✅Diffusion
Each of the following can lead to atelectasis except:
Exam 5
Pleural effusion
Tumor mass
Thrombus
Mucous plug - Correct Answer: ✅✅Thrombus
A 10-year-old boy who is having an acute asthma attack is brought to the ER. He is observed to be sitting up and struggling to breathe. His breathing is accompanied by use of accessory muscles, a weak cough, and audible wheezing sounds. His pulse is rapid and weak, and both heart and breath sounds are distant on auscultation. His parents relate that his asthma began to worsen after he developed a "cold," and now he doesn't get relief from his albuterol inhaler. Explain the changes in physiologic function underlying his signs and symptoms.
Exam 5 - Correct Answer: ✅✅In most asthma patients the airway inflammation due to a cold virus causes epithelial injury. This severe airway inflammation means that the patient is probably suffering from bronchial hyper responsiveness, which causes airway obstruction and narrowing
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the PNS
T/F - Make true if False - Correct Answer: ✅✅False, oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the CNS
Someone in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease requires assistance for their activities of daily living.
T/F - Make true if False - Correct Answer: ✅✅False, in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, individuals are still independent with their ADLs.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department via ambulance at 5 pm. The patient's spouse reports that when they woke up (approximately at 6 am) he reported to her that he was having some blurred vision but decided to go about his day. As the day progressed, he started experiencing tingling and feelings of weakness on the entire left
- Involves increased T lymphocytes - Correct Answer: ✅✅Involves humoral immunity
A patient is said to be in stage 2 kidney disease. What would you expect their GFR to be?
A. 97 mL/min/1.73m
B. 42 mL/min/1.73m
C. 70 mL/min/1.73m
D. 14 mL/min/1.73m2 - Correct Answer: ✅✅70 mL/min/1.73m
Explain how the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of the body - Correct Answer: ✅✅The renal autoregulatory system causes the efferent arteriole to constrict leading to an increased resistance to outflow from the glomeruli with a subsequent increase in glomerular pressure and the GFR. When the afferent arteriole constricts there is a reduction in renal blood flow, glomerular pressure, and the GFR.
A patient presents in the emergency department with severe dehydration secondary to vomiting. The following are the results of their blood work: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm, and HCO3 - = 33 mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base disorder are they experiencing? Is compensation occurring? Describe a treatment intervention for this disorder. Normal values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3 - = 22- mEq/L. - Correct Answer: ✅✅Metabolic alkalosis. There is no respiratory compensation because the PCO2 levels fall within normal range. Treatment is fluid replacement with normal saline solution
Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT:
Hyperpigmentation
Weight loss
Muscle weakness
Hyperglycemia - Correct Answer: ✅✅Hyperglycemia
An endocrine hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ
True or False - Correct Answer: ✅✅True
Hormones work through receptors, and the speed of this action varies.
True or False - Correct Answer: ✅✅True
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab findings show a low serum T4 and elevated TSH. 1. What diagnosis would her history and
lab findings indicate? 2. What type of treatment should be given? - Correct Answer: ✅✅1. Hypothyroidism
- Thyroxine
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) include each of the following EXCEPT:
Polydipsia
Dehydration
Fruity smell on the breath
Bradycardia - Correct Answer: ✅✅Bradycardia
Which of the following would a patient likely report if you suspect they have OA
Pain in their MCP joint
Stiffness in the morning that resolves in less than 30 minutes
Pain that would be described as "acute"
They feel "looser" after they move around - Correct Answer: ✅✅Stiffness in the morning that resolves in less than 30 minutes
Blood circulates through bone by what means? (mark all that apply)
Via the central Haversian and Volkmann canals
An anastomosis between perforating and nutrient arteries
Diffusion through the endosteal surface of the bone and the canaliculi - Correct Answer: ✅✅All three
If someone loses their balance when walking on uneven terrain, explain how tendons and
ligaments work to protect the joint and structures within it. - Correct Answer:
