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Portage Learning Microbiology Final
Exam/quick pass/update 2024
Match each of the following organelles with the correct description. Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes Chloroplasts - Nucleus - Contains genomic content of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum - Series of membrane-enclosed sacs and interconnected tubes Lysosomes - Contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading unwanted cellular debris Chloroplasts - Site of photosynthesis A virus is considered a microorganism. True or False - False What is the smallest biological unit of life? - A cell What are the four main types of macromolecules? - proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates proteins are formed from various combinations of ________________ - amino acids Briefly explain how a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) forms an image of subcellular organelles, substrates, and viral particles. - An image is formed from the interactions of electrons as they reflect off (not through) the surface of the specimen. Samples are coated in either gold or palladium to enhance electron reflections. The reflection is seen in 3-D rendering. How many amino acids are essential? - 20 Match each of the following diseases to the correct bacterial family.
Scalded Skin Syndrome Bubonic PLague Opthalmia Neonatorium Legionnaires - Scalded Skin Syndrome - Staph Aureus Bubonic Plague - Yersina Pestis Opthalmia Neonatorium - Staphylococcus Legionnaires - Legionella Identify each of the following microorganisms as either a Prokaryote or a Eukaryote. E.coli Archaeons Yeast Amoeba - E.coli - Prokaryote Archaeons - Prokaryote Yeast - Eukaryote Amoeba - Eukaryote Match each of the following terms with the correct description. Phototroph Lithotroph Autotroph Chemotroph - Phototroph - Utilize photons of light to generate ATP from ADP Lithotroph - Remove electrons from inorganic molecules Autotroph - Obtain their source of carbon from inorganic molecules Chemotroph - Acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment A researcher is looking to determine the source of contamination of a patient that presented with symptoms of food poisoning. To best determine between E. coli or Salmonella as the cause, what type of agar will be used to isolate the growth of each? - Differential media
True or False. If the statement is false, change it to make it true. When grown on Blood Agar Plates (BAP), microbes capable of delta hemolysis designate the absence or lack of hemolytic activity and the resulting colonies are often white/tan in color growing on the red background of the unaffected BAP - present as greenish-brown color colonies due to incomplete (partial) lysis of red blood cells FALSE - Gamma-hemolysis designate the absence... List the 4 nitrogen bases in RNA and describe how they pair with one another - Adenine to Uracil, Guanine to Cytosine Each of the following statements about glycolysis is true, except:
- Reactants include glucose, NAD, and ATP
- 2 molecules of ATP are required as reactants
- The net gain is 4 ATP
- Products include pyruvate, NADH, ATP, and H+ - The net gain is 4 ATP Each of the following statements about respiration are true, except:
- it is an aerobic process
- it does not produce atp
- it produces NADH and FADH2 in abundance
- the central cycle is called the tricarboxylic acid cycle - it does not produce ATP Describe the ONE main differences between lytic and temperate phages. - Lytic bacteriophages replicate within the host bacteria until it ruptures, whereas temperate (or lysogenic) phages primarily exist in a non-replicative state that does not kill the host cell. Also, lytic bacteriophages transfer their genome into the host cell and allow for replication of their viral proteins whereas temperate phages don't allow for replication of their viral proteins Bacteria that have a curved rod morphology are referred to as ______. - Vibrio You want to observe the movement of microorganisms that are present in a sample of cheek cells obtained on a patient. Briefly explain the technique that you would use and how it is performed. - A wet mount stain is indicated. A small liquid culture (usually just a drop) containing a microorganism of interest is prepared, added to a slide, and then covered with a glass coverslip. The
coverslip is present to both protect the objective and the specimen while also holding the microorganism in place. Wet mounts are used to observe the motility and behavior of an organism. briefly explain why a researcher would use the simple stain technique. How is it preformed and what does it identify - it uses a solution of positively charged dye, which binds to and stains the negatively changed membrane of the microorganism. This technique can show size, shape, and arrangement of cells What coronavirus-associated infection gave rise to quarantining and travel restrictions in 2003? - SARS, 2020 was COVID- 19 Match each type of agar plate to the corresponding general characteristics of each. LB Agar Trypticase Soy Agar MacConkey Agar Mannitol Salt Agar - LB Agar - Also known as lysogeny broth, it is a multi-purpose media capable of growing a wide variety of microorganisms Trypticase Soy Agar - A multi-purpose media capable of growing a wide variety of microorganisms MacConkey Agar - Pale red in color and is both selective and differential media. The presence of crystal violet and bile salts in its formulation restricts Gram- positive bacterial growth. As such, only Gram- negative microbes can be grown. Mannitol Salt Agar - This Agar is selective for Gram-positive bacteria and can differentiate members of the Staphylococci family True or False: Leprosy can move through the blood to other areas including the brain, spine, and kidneys. - False: TB is primarily considered a respiratory infection, but once it fully colonizes the lungs, TB can move through the blood to other areas including the brain, spine, and kidneys. True or False: Proteins can function to catalyze biochemical processes and play a role in structure, but they cannot enable movement. - False. Proteins can function to catalyze biochemical processes, play a role in structure, and they can enable movement. True or false: if false, make it true
Which of the following reactions is an example of a hydrolase? a. A + B → A-B b. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H c. A— + B →A + B— d. Ab + C → A + Cb - b. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H Which region in a four phase dilutional streak contains the highest concentration of a microbial organism? Describe the technique that is used in pulling the sample from one phase to the next. - The first phase of the quadrant streak contains the highest concentration of a microbial organism. Using a new sterile loop, part of the sample is pulled from region 1 to region 2. This process is repeated again each time using a new sterile loop through the remaining regions. Which of the following is/are true of Animalia? (Select all that apply)
- They can be unicellular or multicellular
- They are autotrophic
- They possess the ability to move
- Humans are an example - - They can be unicellular or multicellular
- They possess the ability to move
- Humans are an example Which of the following is/are true of Protista? (Select all that apply)
- they can be unicellular or multicellular
- algae is an example
- mold is an example
- colonies form tissue layers - alage and mold Each of the following statements about measles, mumps, and rubella is true, except:
- Infect the CNS (central nervous system), leading to temporary or permanent paralysis.
- Spread via airborne particles while coughing, sneezing, etc.
- Caused by linear, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus
- Immunity provided by inoculation with a vaccine - Infect the CNS (central nervous system), leading to temporary or permanent paralysis.
There has been an outbreak of Staph Aureus within a local cleaning business. The employer Is trying to determine which of two companies has not been using sterile precautions when cleaning. To help determine who is responsible for unsanitary practices, a researcher streaks the isolated bacterial samples from each company onto MSA agar. After incubating the samples overnight at 37°C., briefly explain how he will interpret the result of his samples. - A sample showing only colorless colonies growing on red agar would indicate the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria, while a sample showing a distinct yellow agar would indicate the presence of Staph aureus. True or False: The metabolism of a lipid-derived carbon atom will yield more ATP than a molecule of glucose. - True True or false : if false, make true polysaccharides are too large to directly pass through the plasma membrane - Polysaccharides are easily transported directly across the plasma membrane Giemsa staining is used to detect each of the following, except:
- Neisseria Gonorrhea
- Histoplasma
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Malaria - Neisseria Gonorrhea What STD is caused by Gram-negative, diplococci, fastidious bacteria that may result in cardiac and neurological complications? - Gonorrhea What STD is caused by Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria can cause infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease? - Chlamydia Which of the following are considered Protista? Select all that apply. - Amoeba and Algae A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers. True or False. - True The function of the ribosome is: - protein synthesis
Plants, algae, and bacteria all contain chloroplasts. True or False - False, chloroplasts are specific to algae and plants The Beta-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids. True or False - True The process of photophosphorylation produces which of the following. - ATP and NADPH What is one of the main functions of light reactions? - To generate a proton concentration gradient to generate ATP In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? - membrane The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light. True or False - False Following the decolorization step of the gram stain, Gram negative bacteria will appear colorless - True If you wish to study the motility of an organism you cannot heat fix, but you can chemically fix the specimen. True or False - False, Both fixations will kill the specimen Name one substance capable of chemically fixing cells to a slide - ethanol You want to observe the size and shape of a cell. What is the easiest staining technique that you could perform? Name at least one dye you would use during this process. - Simple Stain and I would use crystal violet You suspect a patient may have TB. Once a sample has been obtained, it is sent off to the lab for an acid-fast stain. If the patient were infected with TB, describe what you would expect to see on the stained side. - You would expect to see red cells on a blue background. If a patient is suspected of having malaria, a Giemsa stain would be an appropriate differential test to perform. A Giemsa stain can be used to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria. - True
Identify what type of electron microscope was used to capture the following image and explain your choice. - A Transmission Electron Microscope was used because we can see the subcellular substructures at 20 nm, 2D image of the internal structures. Identify what type of electron microscope was used to capture the following image and explain your choice (B). - Scanning electron microscope and we can tell based on the trademark shell that is shown in the 20 nm image. The purpose of quadrant streak is to produce individual colonies of a bacterial population. True or False - True A dilution gradient is formed when carrying out what generalized plating strategy. - Quadrant streak. In what phase of a dilution streak would you expect to find the lowest concentration of bacteria, p or p4? - P4 is lowest conc. p2 is highest True or False. Chlyamida is an obligate parasite and as such can be grown on agar plates alone. - False When performing a dilution streak a new loop must be used for each phase. - True, a new loop IS required In order to encourage growth of a slow growing microbe what might a researcher do during a phase dilution streak> - A research may either opt to perform a 3 phase dilution streak or pass the loop through the previous phase multiple times. A loop can pass through a previous phase multiple times if: - The gradient has the growth of individual colonies. To restrict the growth of a pathogenic microbe a researcher might decrease an incubator from 37ºC to 25ºC. - True
A drug company is trying to develop a new drug that will inhibit the release of newly produced viral particles. Would the drug company target hemagglutinin proteins or neuraminidase proteins? Why?
- Neuraminidase proteins are directly involved in the budding and release of new viral particles. A drug company is trying to develop a new drug that will inhibit viral entry of Influenza. Would the drug company target hemagglutinin proteins or neuraminidase proteins? Why? - Hemagglutinins because hemagglutinins are involved in entry of viral particle into a host's cell. The viral capsid of HIV is dumbbell shaped and contains 2000 copies of p24. True or False - False what small (30nm) single stranded non enveloped RNA virus causes temporary or permanent paralysis by infiltrating motor neurons with in the spinal cord brainstem or motor cortex - polio.
