Download Portage Learning Final Exam Pathophysiology Latest Update Questions with A+ Verified Answe and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Portage Learning Final Exam
Pathophysiology Latest Update
Questions with A+ Verified Answers
Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Persistent metaplasia can lead to dysplasia. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions - Correct Answers: ✅
✅TRUE
A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Endometrial hyperplasia is a normal physiologic occurrence - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Nutritional deprivation can cause tissue to atrophy - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
Lack of nerve stimulation can cause cells to atrophy - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a type of dysplasia - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
During pregnancy, uterine enlargement is caused by hypoplasia. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅It is involved in cellular respiration.
They play a role in apoptosis.
Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅-Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
-Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
-Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within
Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅- Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane
-Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell
-Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures
Which is true of the cytoskeleton? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅-It controls shape and movement
-Cilia and flagella are microtubule-filled cellular extensions
Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅-They are found far from the site of energy consumption
-They control free radicals
Which of the following are false regarding cell communication? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Paracrine signaling releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅dry gangrene- tissue becomes dry, shrinks, wrinkles and color changes dark brown or black, result of cut off arterial blood supply
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they
have lost their ability to divide. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Parent cells
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? - Correct Answers:
✅ ✅Proto-oncogenes
What type of gene is involved in repairing damaged DNA? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Tumor suppressor gene
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide: -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅progenitor
- ______ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites.2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that
accompany cancer is known as _______. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅1. chemotherapy
- cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome
List three characteristics of cancer cells and briefly explain what it means: - Correct
Answers: ✅ ✅Anaplasia is the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue.Genetic instability means they have a high frequency of mutations.Growth factor independence means cancer cells can proliferate even in the absence of growth factors.Cell density- dependent inhibition means cancer cell don't stop growing when they come into contact with each other.Cell cohesiveness and adhesion means they don't stick together.Anchorage dependence means cancer cells aren't anchored to neighboring cells or the underlying matrix to live and grow.Cell-to-cell communication in cancer cells is poor, which interferes with intercellular connections and responsiveness to membrane- derived signals.Life span is unlimited - cancer cells are immortal.Antigen expression - cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or antigens that are immunologically identified as foreign.Cancer cells can produce enzymes, hormones, and other substances that the tissues of origin either does not produce or produces in much smaller amounts.Cancer cells can show cytoskeletal changes or abnormalities. This includes abnormal intermediate filament types or changes in actin filaments and microtubules that help with invasion and metastasis.
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many manifestations are
nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅It has closely packed cells in multiple layers that are continuously being shed. Keratin covers the skin, which creates a salty, acidic environment inhospitable to microbes. It also contains antimicrobial proteins and lysozymes that inhibit microorganisms and help to destroy them.
Which cell is the first responder to phagocytose a foreign invader? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅monocyte
The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed positive selection. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
Which immunoglobulin passes immune factors from the mother to the fetus? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅IgG
Which immunoglobulin provides local immunity on mucosal surfaces? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅IGA
Which immunoglobulin is responsible in inflammation and allergic responses and combating parasitic infections? -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅IgE
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Lymphocytes
Which lab value will typically NOT be elevated in a bacterial infection? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Lymphocytes
What is true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅- Dietary deficiencies aren't common
-Peripheral neuropathy can be a result of it
-B12 is bound to intrinsic factor
Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅dietary deficiencies are common
Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅MCV is decreased
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with iron deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Neurologic changes
Which of the following is NOT associated with iron deficiency anemia? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Normocytic
Which of the following is FALSE regarding sickle cell disease? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Average red cell lifespan is 60 days
Which of the following is NOT true of thalassemias? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Hypochromic, macrocytic anemia
Which of the following are TRUE of hemophilia A? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅The PTT is increased
Spontaneous joint bleeding can occur
Which of the following is a hypercoagulable state? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅congestive heart failure, smoking, post-surgical state
Which of the following is NOT a hypercoagulable state? Select all that apply. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B
Risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Obesity, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol diet
Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor
Risk factors for coronary heart disease include each of the following except: - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅HDL > 60
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Increased potassium intake
Risk factors for coronary heart disease? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Smoking, hypertension, family history
Patient is found to have the above:What risk factors mostly led to this disease state?What is this person at risk for developing?What lifestyle modifications would you suggest for them? -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅1. smoking, poor diet, obesity, hyperlipidemia2. coronary artery disease, heart attack3. stop smoking, healthy diet, lose weight
A 45-year-old man has a blood pressure at a screening program of 142/90. His father has a history of hypertension and heart attack. His grandfather died of a stroke. He is 20 lbs overweight, likes eating salty foods, and enjoys drinking beer. He states he is too tired and busy to exercise.
According to JNC 8 guidelines, what category does this patient's blood pressure fall into?
What is hypertension a risk factor for?
What lifestyle modifications would you suggest for them?
Name one medication therapy for hypertension and its mechanism of action. - Correct
Answers: ✅ ✅Hypertension stage 2
Atherosclerosis, CAD (MI), heart failure, stroke, peripheral artery disease
Lose weight, exercise, decrease salt intake, decrease alcohol intake
enter the bronchial wall where they attack invading organisms and secrete inflammatory chemicals that are toxicc to them - this causes airway inflammation. This hyper-response causes airway obstruction.
An 18-year-old woman is admitted to the ER with a suspected drug overdose. Her respiratory rate is slow (4-6 breaths/minute) and shallow. Arterial blood gases reveal a PCO2 of 80 mm Hg and a PO2 of 60 mm Hg.What is the cause of this women's high PCO and low PO2?Hypoventilation almost always causes an increase in PCO2. Explain. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Respiratory acidosis; with a decreased respiratory rate, you are not exhaling enough carbon dioxide and it accumulates.
A 30-year-old man is brought to the ER with a knife wound to the chest. On visual inspection, asymmetry of chest movement during inspiration, displacement of the trachea, and absence of breath sounds on the side of the wound are noted. His neck veins are distended, and his pulse is rapid and thready.What is your initial diagnosis?What type
of emergent treatment is necessary? -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅1) tension pneumothorax2) chest tube
T/F - Make true if False: Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the PNS. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅false, they produce myelin in the CNS.
Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood
from entering the brain. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
(T/F): Someone in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease requires assistance for their
activities of daily living. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
Complete dependence for activities of daily living is characteristic of severe Alzheimer's
disease. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅TRUE
Wandering episodes are characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease. - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅False, wandering episodes increase in moderate Alzheimer's disease.
A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department via ambulance at 5 pm. The patient's spouse reports that when they woke up (approximately at 6 am) he reported to
her that he was having some blurred vision but decided to go about his day. As the day progressed, he started experiencing tingling and feelings of weakness on the entire left side of his body. He has a past medical history of diabetes. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅This patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient would need to be re- perfused through catheter-base methods as they are outside of the 3-4.5 treatment window for the use of tPA drugs.
A 72-year-old female is brought to the emergency department via ambulance at 9 am. Her husband reports that they were eating breakfast and she started to complain of a severe headache and blurred vision. She then lost consciousness, and he immediately called 911. She has a history of hypertension, and she is not compliant with her medication because she does not like the way it makes her feel. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅She is experiencing a hemmorhagic stroke. I would confirm this with a head CT. The treatment goal would be to control the bleed and decrease the cranial pressure through medication. I chose this treatment because we must salvage as much brain tissue and as quickly as possible to limit the physical changes to her body that are permanent.
Risk factors for gallstone formation include each of the following EXCEPT:ObesityMale GenderAge (40s)Pregnancy -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Male Gender
Risk factors for gallstone formation? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Obesity, age (40s), pregnancy
Complications of gallstones include each of the following EXCEPT: - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Cirrhosis
Risk factors for gallstone formation include each of the following EXCEPT: - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅age (60s)
Risk factors for the development of peptic ulcer? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Pylori infection, family history, NSAID use, alcohol use
It does not respond well to immunosuppressive therapy - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Involves increased T lymphocytes
A patient is said to be in stage 2 kidney disease. What would you expect their GFR to be?
A: 97 mL/min/1.73m
B: 42 mL/min/1.73m
C: 70 mL/min/1.73m
D: 14 mL/min/1.73m2 - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅C: 70 mL/min/1.73m
A patient is said to be in stage 4 kidney disease. What would you expect their GFR to be?
A. 25 mL/min/1.73m
B. 42 mL/min/1.73m
C. 70 mL/min/1.73m
D. 14 mL/min/1.73m2 - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅A. 25 mL/min/1.73m
A patient is said to be in stage 3a kidney disease. What would you expect their GFR to be?
A. 97 mL/min/1.73m
B. 42 mL/min/1.73m
C. 70 mL/min/1.73m
D. 14 mL/min/1.73m2 - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅B. 42 mL/min/1.73m
Explain how the kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure of the rest of the body. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Renal auto regulation, nervous system control, and hormonal control
AKA
Answer: The renal autoregulatory system causes the efferent arteriole to constrict leading to an increased resistance to outflow from the glomeruli with a subsequent increase in glomerular pressure and the GFR. When the afferent arteriole constricts there is a reduction in renal blood flow, glomerular pressure, and the GFR.
A patient presents in the emergency department with severe dehydration secondary to vomiting. The following are the results of their blood work: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm, and HCO3- = 33 mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base disorder are they experiencing? Is compensation occurring? Describe a treatment intervention for this disorder. Normal values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3- = 22- mEq/L. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅They are in metabolic alkalosis without respiratory compensation. Treatment would be fluid replacement via saline solution.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. The following are the results of their blood work: pH = 6.9, PCO2 = 52 mm, and HCO3- = 30 mEq/L. Based upon these results, what type of acid-base disorder are they experiencing? Is compensation occurring? Describe a treatment intervention for this disorder. Normal values are as follows: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L. -Correct Answers: ✅
✅The patient is in respiratory acidosis. The renal system is attempting to compensate as HCO3- concentration is elevated above normal limits. The goal of treatment for respiratory acidosis is improving ventilation. Supplemental O2 can be administered; in severe cases mechanical ventilation may be indicated.
Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Hyperpigmentation, weight loss, muscle weakness
Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT:
Hyperpigmentation
Weight loss
Muscle weakness
Hyperglycemia - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Hyperglycemia
The following clinical measurements or lab values are commonly seen with Cushing syndrome EXCEPT:
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypertension
C. Elevated cortisol
D. Hyponatremia - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅D. Hyponatremia
The production and release of hormones by the hypothalamus requires stimulation by the pituitary gland -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅FALSE
A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Lab findings show a low serum T4 and elevated TSH.What diagnosis would her history and lab findings indicate?What type of treatment should be given? -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅1. Hypothyroidism
- synthetic T4 thyroid hormone, thyroxine
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Polydipsia, dehydration, fruity smell of breath
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) include each of the following EXCEPT:
Polydipsia
Dehydration
Fruity smell on the breath
Brady cardia - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Brady cardia
Which of the following would a patient likely report if you suspect they have OA? - Correct
Answers: ✅ ✅Stiffness in the morning that resolves within 30 minutes
Which of the following would a patient likely exhibit on an initial physical exam if you suspect they have OA? (mark all that apply)
A. A typical gait pattern
B. A capsular pattern
C. Crepitus with movement
D. Bilateral involvement - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅B. A capsular pattern
C. Crepitus with movement
Blood circulates through bone by what means? (mark all that apply)
Via the central Haversian and Volkmann canals
An anastomosis between perforating and nutrient arteries
An anastomosis between perforating and nutrient arteries - Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Via the central Haversian and Volkmann canalsAn anastomosis between perforating and nutrient arteriesAn anastomosis between perforating and nutrient arteries
If someone loses their balance when walking on uneven terrain, explain how tendons and ligaments work to protect the joint and structures within it. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Tendons and ligaments of joints serve in proprioception-awareness of position in space or movement of the body. They undergo stretch or torsional strain, the proprioceptive nerve fivers cause a reflective response to adjust the tension on the muscles to maintain balance and not fall over. to support the joint protecting the capsule and other joint structures
A 72-year-old male is said to be in phase 3 of gout. He is obese and has a history of alcohol abuse. Develop a treatment plan including specific pharmacologic intervention and a non-
pharmacologic recommendation to manage his disease. -Correct Answers: ✅ ✅Phase three gout is called inter-critical phase. The goal is to prevent future attaks by maintaining normal uric acid levels, hense prevent disease progression. Allopurinol is used to reduce uric acid levels. Lifestyle changes, such asweight loss, reduction in alcohol consumption, and avoid foods high in purines (fish, bacon, shellfish).
