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PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD210 GENETICS FINAL
EXAM LATEST 2025 COMPLETE FULL LENGTH EXAM
WITH ANSWERS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
why is it important to choose an animal research model carefully
- easy to maintain/grow
- has a short reproductive and life cycle
- easy to breed
- low expense
- can study easily t/f all genetic disorders will show a phenotype early in life, if not at birth false - some disorders manifest later in life why does darwin's theory of natural selection lead to survival of the fittest offspring. what does this mean for future generations the number of offspring produced is more than what the environment can support. the fittest offspring would survive to pass on desirable traits that gave me an advantage for survival. this led to the evolution of species that carried these advantageous traits consistently
animal that can be humanized mouse animal that is extremely inexpensive and extremely short life span fruit fly animal that has transparent egg and embryo zebrafish animal that has a simple nervous system easy to research worms what is preformation fertilized egg contained a miniaturized version of a tiny human
genes contributed from each parent are carried on chromosomes how has the use of biotechnology contributed to modern agriculture transgenic plants have been engineered to resist insects and harsh environments and enhance nutrition t/f the theory of spontaneous generation posits that asexual reproduction will take over when sexual reproduction cannot happen in a species false do humans have the same selective pressures for natural selection that animal counterparts do? are humans still evolving? matthias schleidon and theodor schwann introduced ___ the cell theory the publication origin of species was written by charles darwin
what are traits that could benefit an animal that lives in a forested environment ability to hear clearly, good vision, claws, flexible joints the ___ hypothesized that heredity and development depend on the passing of genetic information via ___ that are contained within chromosomes chromosomal theory of inheritance; genes if the normal color of a fruit fly is red, and a mutation causes a white eye, then the red eyed gene is referred to as the ___ gene, and the white eyes are caused by a mutant ___ wild-type; allele what kind of crops have advantageous traits introduced via recombinant DNA technology? what is the term for these crops? soybean and corn transgenic crops is the term
during formation of egg cells and sperm, gene pairs are separated and passed to offspring which proteins are responsible for directly binding to chromatin in remodeling and packing histones what is the purpose of a cell cycle checkpoint to ensure the cell is growing correctly before entering the next stage t/f the presence of tetrads is noted in meiosis but not in mitosis true why is it so important that eukaryotic organisms have organized chromatin? why is the ability of chromatin to condense and decondense so important? because DNA is extremely long and chromatin helps condense it all into the nucleus. important to decondense in order for replication to happen
why do different types of cells proceed through the cell cycle at varying speeds? what is the repercussion of a cell that loses control of the cell cycle? depends on how quickly the cells are replenished. ie epithelial and intestinal cells are almost always replaced immediately. the repercussion of an unchecked cell cycle can be a tumor briefly define a cell cycle check point and comment on why it is important points along the cell cycle where things are halted in order to make sure that everything is going smoothly before continuing to the next phase of the process. important because if cell is damaged, proper DNA processes are initiated or is forced to lyse. this helps prevent cancer b/c it prevents cell cycle from continuing with damage are 2 genes more likely to cross over together if they are located close or far apart from each other on a chromosome, why? far apart because the crossing over must happen between the 2 genes
what is the purpose of the nuclear membrane dissolves during mitosis what is the purpose of the nucleus contains all of DNA Friendly wolves approached humans for food and companionship, humans realized they could use hunting and gathering skills from wolves. what is another example of an evolutionary process that occurred that would have given humans a distinct advantage? horses, cats, camels, were domesticated for use; and plants that would grow in a variety of environments early theories proposed that the fertilized egg contained a tiny human in a form called homunculus where were restriction enzymes first discovered and how are they useful in genetics research? first discovered in bacterial DNA in that they could cut and inactivate the DNA of invading viruses.
useful for genetics research to cut DNA to isolate almost any gene to study the concept that a fertilized egg undergoes developmental events that lead to the formation of a human is called epigenesis the traits that mendel referred to as units of heredity are genes t/f avery/ macleod, and mccarty showed that DNA was responsible for carrying genetical material in bacteria true t/f a mutation within a gene always results in the loss of that gene false - genetic mutations can form alleles resulting in a different version of the "normal" gene
The genetic flow of material between organisms is NOT dependent on which of these criteria?
- replication of the material
- independent assortment of genes
- storage of the information
- variation of DNA through mutation t/f histones are positively charged proteins and DNA is negatively charged true place cell cycle stages in order 1 - s phase 2 - prophase 3 - metaphase 4 - anaphase 5 - telophase what happens during s phase DNA is replicated
what happens during prophase
- chromosomes condense
- centrioles go to opposite pole ends
- spindle fibers form
- nuclear membrane dissolves
- longest phase of mitosis what happens during metaphase centromeres align on metaphase plate (equatorial plane)
- centromeres attach to spindle fibers
- shugoshin protects centromere from degradation, which leaves arms free
- separase degrades cohesion what happens during anaphase sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of the cell
- ensure each daughter cell gets identical copies of the chromosome
- shortest phase of mitosis
t/f between 2 crosses, the probability will always be less than the percent that cross 1 and 2 happened true what is the formula for cross over % of cross 1 x % of cross 2 which chromosome determines sex? is there a region on this chromosome that appears to be responsible for sex determination Y determines sex because determining factor for sex is the presence of the SRY gene, which is found near the end of the chromosome what is the most common male sex chromosome disorder and what is its genotype? klinefelter syndrome; XXY what is the purpose of kinetochore flank the centromere; aid movement to the poles in anaphase
what is the purpose of cyclines bind and activate kinases during the cell cycle what is kinases phosphorylate protein involved in cell signaling what is cohesin protein formed during s phase; holds chromatids together a fertilized egg that is the result of fusion of 2 gametes zygote what is the primary male gamete? female? spermatocyte; oocyte
- Kinetochore forms around centromeric unit that holds pair of chromatids together
- Chromatids themselves held together by cohesin what happens during anaphase I
- One half of each tetrad (dyad) moves to ends of the cell
- Cohesin is degraded except at center (Arms are free) At the end of anaphase, each end pole has a number of dyads that are = to haploid number what happens during telophase I Cytokinesis divides everything into two and nuclear membrane reforms around dyads. explain how lacl acts as a repressor of lactose encodes for repressor molecule bound to DNA in operator region
- represses ability to make genes needed for lactose when lactose is absent
- when lactose is present, binds to repressor molecule, changes shape, dissociates from DNA and allows genes to be transcribed
why is it important that positive or negative regulator genes such as sRNA RyhB, work in very specific conditions and are not constitutively active negative regulators inhibit gene transcription until production of those genes are needed. if turned on at all times, would have too much activity. if not able to be turned on, won't be able to do certain functions correctly such as metabolizing products what are the 3 types of enzymes and their purpose inducible:turned on in response to stimulus or environment repressible: turned off in response to stimulus or environment constitutive: always on regardless of environment or stimulus why has phage therapy not already overtaken the use of antibiotics in the medical community? it is unknown the effect this will have on the human body, along wit whether or not phage-acquired resistance will be a problem are all bacterial cells able to undergo the process of transformation? if not, what do they need to make them transformable? where does the DNA come from in a transformation process?
