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"Which white blood cell is not capable of phagocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lymphocytes." "Some people have an excessive immune response to an allergen, called anaphylaxis. Describe what happens in anaphylaxis. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction against a pathogen, insect bite, or drug. During anaphylaxis, antibodies are overproduced by B-cells. These circulating antibodies increase capillary permeability throughout the body, causing symptoms within minutes. Symptoms may include swelling in the form of hives and narrowed respiratory pathways. In severe cases, known as anaphylaxis shock, the capillaries become so dilated that it causes a person's blood pressure to drop too low, leading to collapse. Individuals can die from anaphylactic shock because the heart stops beating or the airway passages close completely, so the person can no longer breathe."
Typology: Quizzes
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"Some people have an excessive immune response to an allergen, called anaphylaxis. Describe what
reaction against a pathogen, insect bite, or drug. During anaphylaxis, antibodies are overproduced by B- cells. These circulating antibodies increase capillary permeability throughout the body, causing symptoms within minutes. Symptoms may include swelling in the form of hives and narrowed respiratory pathways. In severe cases, known as anaphylaxis shock, the capillaries become so dilated that it causes a person's blood pressure to drop too low, leading to collapse. Individuals can die from anaphylactic shock because the heart stops beating or the airway passages close completely, so the person can no longer breathe."
Ovaries: Almond-shaped glands, main reproductive organ in females. Oviducts: Also called the fallopian tubes. Fimbriae: Fingerlike projections on the infundibulum end of the tube furthest from the uterus. Ampulla: This region fertilizes the egg or zygote during its early cell divisions. Isthmus: This region opens into the uterus, delivering the developing embryo into the uterine cavity" "Label the parts of the male reproductive system below (letters A-D) and describe the purpose of D. -
B. Penis C. Epididymis D. Testis
The testis is responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone." "True or False: If false, explain why the statement is false. The ovaries are involved in the production of
the production of estrogen and progesterone." "Development of a fetus in the uterus is divided into three trimesters. Choose one of the trimesters and name which months the trimester covers and at least two human development processes that occur in
the nervous and cardiovascular system begin to develop. Just after implantation, around week 3, the heart begins to beat. Around week 5, neurulation occurs. This is the formation of the neural tube from the outer folds of the ectoderm. By week 6, the fetal heartbeat can be detected on an ultrasound. The head shape is formed by this time but it is disproportionately large for the majority of the first trimester. By the end of week 8, the embryo is considered a fetus and begins to move. The fetus is still too small during the first trimester for fetal movement to be felt by the mother. The arms and legs begin to form and by week 13, the fetus has moveable joints, fingers, and toes. The eyes, ears, and nose begin to form but they are not on the correct location on the head. During the second trimester (months 4-6), the eyes, ears, and nose move to the correct location on the face. The head and body become more proportionate. Around the 16th week, the eyes begin to detect light and dark, and unique fingerprints develop on the hands. The mother will begin to feel fetal movement around week 18-21. Lanugo, or fetal hair, develops on the body for warmth,. The fetus also develops sleep/wake cycles and the heart begins to beat in a regulated pattern. The third trimester (months 7-9) is characterized by the continued development of the systems already in place. For males, the testes descend into the scrotum. The baby increases in weight and begins to develop fat under the skin. Sucking reflexes develop around week 32. Lung maturation and temperature regulation are vital for the survival of the baby outside of the uterus." "True or False: If false, explain why the statement is false. Both the male and female urinary systems are
true." "List the order of the protective layers of the kidney (superficial to deep). Which is responsible for
capsule > renal capsule The renal fascia anchors the kidney in place." "Describe the differences in the male and female urethral anatomy. Be sure to provide implications for
urine. The male urethra is approximately five times longer than the female urethra and carries both urine and semen from the body. Because the female urethra is shorter and its external opening is close
hyperpolarization"
"T/F: The sodium-potassium pump must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state -
through electrochemical signals"
integration center"
inhibitory"
the nervous and endocrine system"
information"
extension"
false: only medial fibers cross at the optic chiasm"
ossicles"
"Movement of tiny hairs inside the ____ causes neurons to send impulses thru a cranial nerve to the
temporal"
pungent" "a person cannot taste from the posterior section of their tongue. What portion is most likely damaged?
"A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery. Would the
because this injury is within the peripheral nervous system. the PNS is capable of axonal regeneration, in which schwann cells grow ahead of the axon." "upload the pic of the four steps of membrane de/polarization explain what is happening in steps 1-
"which of the following is FALSE concerning the sodium-potassium pump? A) It maintains the resting phase of an axon. B) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in. C) It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state.
"True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of
strength of the action potential is not greater than usual. the intensity of the pain is determined by the frequency and the number of action potentials." "Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction? A) The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord. B) The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber. C) The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor neuron.
are released. the neurotransmitters within the synapse can be rapidly broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed or repackaged. when the neurotransmitters are not engaging with the post synaptic neuron, the sodium channels on those dendrites wont be stimulated to open, and then there wont be a signal sent down that neuron's axon."
acetylcholine"
"In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central
"Which of the following statements is true about reflexes? A) Reflexes only involve the brainstem or higher levels of processing. B) Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex. C) Reflexes cannot be tested because they are internal.
"What is true about the stretch reflex? A) Stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle. B) The patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella. C) The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
"What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? A. It does not involve interneurons. B. It involves excitatory interneurons. C. It involves inhibitory interneurons. D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles E. A&D
"You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex
your hand is on the hot pan. there is a sensory neuron in your skin that has been stimulated.
paralyzed because the release of acetylcholine is what stimulates the opening of the calcium channels that ultimately trigger muscle contraction. the axon terminal releases acetylcholine, then acetylcholine opens the calcium channel, tons of calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscles are able
and frontal lobes, and the hippocampus" "Which of the following is false concerning a CVA? A) An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed". B) A TIA is a form of an ischemic stroke. C) Stroke survivors may regain some lost functions through therapy.
"A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely
Lateral Column 2: 3: Gray Commissure 4: Anterior Column 5: 6: Anterior/Ventral Horn 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: Ventral Root"
from the upper lip and upper gums"
extension"
divisions." "These contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the
"Which of the following is false concerning the sympathetic nervous system? A) It is also called the thoracolumbar division. B) It is also called the craniosacral division. C) The primary neurotransmitter is norepinephrine.
"A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity
increase her parasympathetic nervous system activity. Currently her sympathetic system is taking control, causing her to release many stress responses. If I am trying to calm her down, I am helping her parasympathetic system become stimulated to start bringing her to a more relaxed state." "One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke?
responsible for coordinating body movements including gait." "What senses contain specialized receptor cells via specialized somatic and visceral afferents? -
choroid of the middle layer"
aqueous humor, lens, retina" "A patient is found to have blindness in the right eye. What part of the vision pathway was most likely
point of nerve translation of information. The left optic nerve wouldn't effect the right eye because it is before the optic chiasm, and damage to the optic chiasm or occipital lobe would be more indicative of total blindness because those are both downstream of the chiasm."
a) Camphorates b) Musky c) Peppermint d) Putrid
"A person cannot perceive tastes from the anterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely
"A patient has lost his sense of smell following a car accident. What term should be documented should
"Describe the steps in the olfactory pathway. Begin in the nasal cavity and end in the specific lobe of the
these receptors are stimulated and send a signal to the olfactory nerve, where synapses happen on olfactory bulbs. these form olfactory tracts. signal travels down the tract to the olfactory center in the temporal lobe."
structures."
Tympanic membrane"
left ventricle"
Veins do, which is why they have the most amount of the blood" "Which vessel would you expect to be the best place to feel a strong pulse? A) Subclavian vein B) Inferior vena cava
arteries do not have a palpable pulse"
arteriole --> capillary --> venule --> vein"
externa"
plasma"
"Which statement is true concerning the events in the coagulation cascade? A) Platelets destroy the fibrin network. B) Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen. C) Plasmin becomes trapped in the fibrin threads.
"True or False: Fluid inside tissues that is not returned via the veins is returned to the heart through the
"True or False: Lymph fluid moves in the following order: Interstitial fluid→ lymph capillaries→ Lymph
"A patient has lymphedema in his right leg. What lymph vessel would most likely be obstructed? -
Drains fluid from left side of body, both lower extremities" "Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning lymph nodes? A. The groin contains a large grouping of lymph nodes. B. The axilla contains a large grouping of lymph nodes. C. A lymph node is an encapsulated fibrous connective tissue with incoming and outgoing vessels.
"Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the spleen? A. It is found in the left side of the abdomen. B. It acts as to remove old platelets in the blood. C. It has many efferent and afferent lymph vessels.
one outgoing vein"
"Blood leaving the spleen flows into this vessel which also carries blood drained from the intestines,
neutrophils"
and monocyte"
cells"
infected or abnormal body cells"
recipient's cells reject (their immune system tries to destroy) the donor cells. This happens when the recipient cells recognize the donor cells as non-self due to the MHC on the donor cells, and launch an immune response to kill the "invader". immunosuppressant drugs can help prevent this." "Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune cells attack the ___________. -
"A person who is highly allergic to insect bites was just stung by a wasp. An EpiPen injection was
more specifically, during an anaphylactic response: B cells will rapidly overproduce antibodies, which makes the capillaries extremely permeable. This can lead to an extreme drop in blood pressure, narrowing of respiratory passageways (difficulty breathing), and cause hives. The EpiPen injection will help prevent this response."
the structure of the body. Physiology looks at how the body parts function together. The physiology of the body depends on the anatomy of the body." "The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other body systems. Explain how the
information and sends out signals to the muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way, the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the body."
nerve cell products, consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles."
extensions that emanate from the cell body which receive information from other neurons conducting those nerve impulses toward the cell body." "Describe the axon, including the number in each neuron, function, structure, and organelles. -
is emitted across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron. Axons are composed of cells like the cell body but lack rough endoplasmic reticulum."
One of the main functions of the cell body is to manufacture neurotransmitters, which are chemicals stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals. When NTs are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another."
"_____ neurons have 3 or more extensions from the cell body and have one axon and many dendrites. -
"_______ neurons have one extension off the cell body which branches into two: one central process
"______ neurons are unipolar and function to carry information from the peripheral to the central
helping to support neurons to enable them to thrive in their needed environment."
satellite cells"
spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes act as the insulation for CNS axons. Astrocytes control chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries, forming the blood brain barrier. Microglial cells protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms."
distributed ions on either side of an axon's plasma membrane." "An axon's membrane is polarized with a resting potential of -70 mV. Explain what this means and what
meaning that one side has a different charge than the other side. This difference called a resting potential means that the charge on the inside of the axon's cell membrane is 70 millivolts less than the outside of the membrane. A sodium-potassium pump using active transport carries ions across the plasma membrane and because 3 Na+ ions are pumped out as 2 K+ ions are pumped in, a relative positive charge develops and is maintained on the outside of the membrane."
depolarization, repolarization, afterpolarization (hyperpolarization)" "Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during depolarization and what
The inside becomes more positive than the outside, causing the membrane potential to become more positive." "Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during repolarization and what
allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative charge to the inside of the axon re- establishing the negative potential."
open during repolarization are slow to close, and there is an afterpolarization undershoot of the potential."