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PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 152 A&P 2
FINAL EXAM UPDATED 2024 ACTUAL
EXAM 300 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
ALREADY GRADED A+ JUST RELEASED!!
"Which white blood cell is not capable of phagocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lymphocytes."
"Some people have an excessive immune response to an allergen, called anaphylaxis. Describe what
happens in anaphylaxis. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic
reaction against a pathogen, insect bite, or drug. During anaphylaxis, antibodies are overproduced by B- cells. These circulating antibodies increase capillary permeability throughout the body, causing symptoms within minutes. Symptoms may include swelling in the form of hives and narrowed respiratory pathways. In severe cases, known as anaphylaxis shock, the capillaries become so dilated that it causes a person's blood pressure to drop too low, leading to collapse. Individuals can die from anaphylactic shock because the heart stops beating or the airway passages close completely, so the person can no longer breathe."
"Match the following female reproductive organs to the correct description. - CORRECT ANSWER=>
Ovaries: Almond-shaped glands, main reproductive organ in females. Oviducts: Also called the fallopian tubes. Fimbriae: Fingerlike projections on the infundibulum end of the tube furthest from the uterus. Ampulla: This region fertilizes the egg or zygote during its early cell divisions. Isthmus: This region opens into the uterus, delivering the developing embryo into the uterine cavity" "Label the parts of the male reproductive system below (letters A-D) and describe the purpose of D. -
CORRECT ANSWER=> A. Vas deferens
B. Penis C. Epididymis D. Testis
The testis is responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone." "True or False: If false, explain why the statement is false. The ovaries are involved in the production of
estrogen and testosterone. - CORRECT ANSWER=> This statement is false. The ovaries are involved in
the production of estrogen and progesterone." "Development of a fetus in the uterus is divided into three trimesters. Choose one of the trimesters and name which months the trimester covers and at least two human development processes that occur in
that trimester. - CORRECT ANSWER=> During the first trimester (months 1-3), key body systems such as
the nervous and cardiovascular system begin to develop. Just after implantation, around week 3, the heart begins to beat. Around week 5, neurulation occurs. This is the formation of the neural tube from the outer folds of the ectoderm. By week 6, the fetal heartbeat can be detected on an ultrasound. The head shape is formed by this time but it is disproportionately large for the majority of the first trimester. By the end of week 8, the embryo is considered a fetus and begins to move. The fetus is still too small during the first trimester for fetal movement to be felt by the mother. The arms and legs begin to form and by week 13, the fetus has moveable joints, fingers, and toes. The eyes, ears, and nose begin to form but they are not on the correct location on the head. During the second trimester (months 4-6), the eyes, ears, and nose move to the correct location on the face. The head and body become more proportionate. Around the 16th week, the eyes begin to detect light and dark, and unique fingerprints develop on the hands. The mother will begin to feel fetal movement around week 18-21. Lanugo, or fetal hair, develops on the body for warmth,. The fetus also develops sleep/wake cycles and the heart begins to beat in a regulated pattern. The third trimester (months 7-9) is characterized by the continued development of the systems already in place. For males, the testes descend into the scrotum. The baby increases in weight and begins to develop fat under the skin. Sucking reflexes develop around week 32. Lung maturation and temperature regulation are vital for the survival of the baby outside of the uterus." "True or False: If false, explain why the statement is false. Both the male and female urinary systems are
comprised of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 urethra. - CORRECT ANSWER=> This statement is
true." "List the order of the protective layers of the kidney (superficial to deep). Which is responsible for
anchoring the kidney inside the abdominal cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Renal fascia > adipose
capsule > renal capsule The renal fascia anchors the kidney in place." "Describe the differences in the male and female urethral anatomy. Be sure to provide implications for
possible urinary tract infections. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The female urethra is shorter and only carries
urine. The male urethra is approximately five times longer than the female urethra and carries both urine and semen from the body. Because the female urethra is shorter and its external opening is close
"phases of an action potential - CORRECT ANSWER=> depolarization, repolarization, after-
hyperpolarization"
"at rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: - CORRECT ANSWER=> polarized"
"T/F: The sodium-potassium pump must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state -
CORRECT ANSWER=> true"
"where does the NMJ terminate - CORRECT ANSWER=> on a muscle fiber"
"how is a message sent from one neuron to another? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Neurons send messages
through electrochemical signals"
"what neurotransmitter is found at the NMJ? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Acetylcholine"
"This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses - CORRECT ANSWER=>
integration center"
"T/F: Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is an example of a reflex - CORRECT ANSWER=> true"
"Muscle Spindle detects ____ within a muscle - CORRECT ANSWER=> stretch"
"Flexor Withdrawal reflex involves what types of interneurons? - CORRECT ANSWER=> excitatory and
inhibitory"
"Superficial layer of the brain meninges - CORRECT ANSWER=> dura mater"
"___ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER=> transverse"
"functions of the hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER=> regulates sleep, regulates water balance, links
the nervous and endocrine system"
"largest portion of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER=> cerebrum"
"association area of the brain acts to - CORRECT ANSWER=> coordinate multiple sources of sensory
information"
"T/F: the brainstem regulates breathing - CORRECT ANSWER=> false"
"where are the cerebellar peduncles located? - CORRECT ANSWER=> pons"
"CVA stands for - CORRECT ANSWER=> cerebrovascular accident (stroke)"
"A patient damaged their radial nerve, what action is most likely limited? - CORRECT ANSWER=> wrist
extension"
"A patient sustained damage to their femoral nerve, what action is most likely limited? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> hip flexion, knee extension"
"The basal ganglia is responsible for - CORRECT ANSWER=> movement"
"apraxia - CORRECT ANSWER=> impaired motor functioning"
"what sense does not have specialized sense organs? - CORRECT ANSWER=> touch"
"the posterior portion of the outer fibrous layer of the eye is called the - CORRECT ANSWER=> sclera"
"what portion of the eye supplies blood to other layers of the eye? - CORRECT ANSWER=> choroid"
"order of light passing through the eye - CORRECT ANSWER=> cornea, aqueous humor, lens, retina"
"T/F: All sensory information from the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm - CORRECT ANSWER=>
false: only medial fibers cross at the optic chiasm"
"the ____ is controlled by the abducens nerve - CORRECT ANSWER=> lateral rectus"
"Funneled vibrations push against the eardrum which moves the _____ - CORRECT ANSWER=>
ossicles"
"The stapes pushes against the _____ - CORRECT ANSWER=> cochlear duct"
"Movement of tiny hairs inside the ____ causes neurons to send impulses thru a cranial nerve to the
_________, located in the ________ lobe. - CORRECT ANSWER=> organ of corti, auditory cortex,
temporal"
"olfaction - CORRECT ANSWER=> sense of smell"
"primary odors - CORRECT ANSWER=> floral, putrid, camphorates, musky, peppermint, ethereal, and
pungent" "a person cannot taste from the posterior section of their tongue. What portion is most likely damaged?
- CORRECT ANSWER=> the glossopharyngeal nerve"
"Papillae that do not contain taste buds - CORRECT ANSWER=> filiform papillae"
"A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery. Would the
patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why not? - CORRECT ANSWER=> yes,
because this injury is within the peripheral nervous system. the PNS is capable of axonal regeneration, in which schwann cells grow ahead of the axon." "upload the pic of the four steps of membrane de/polarization explain what is happening in steps 1-
of this diagram, including the charge of the membrane at each step. - CORRECT ANSWER=> "
"At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: - CORRECT ANSWER=> -70mV (polarized)"
"which of the following is FALSE concerning the sodium-potassium pump? A) It maintains the resting phase of an axon. B) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in. C) It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state.
D) the overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane. - CORRECT ANSWER=> D."
"True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the strength of
the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning. - CORRECT ANSWER=> False - the
strength of the action potential is not greater than usual. the intensity of the pain is determined by the frequency and the number of action potentials." "Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular junction? A) The NMJ terminates on neurons within the brain and spinal cord. B) The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber. C) The NMJ terminates on a presynaptic motor neuron.
D) The NMJ does not have a synapse. - CORRECT ANSWER=> B"
"What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> the synapse does not have continuous stimulation because of how the neurotransmitters
are released. the neurotransmitters within the synapse can be rapidly broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed or repackaged. when the neurotransmitters are not engaging with the post synaptic neuron, the sodium channels on those dendrites wont be stimulated to open, and then there wont be a signal sent down that neuron's axon."
"What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
acetylcholine"
"True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> False."
"True or False: Reflexes occur slower than a conscious decision to move from the brain. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> False."
"In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central
nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWER=> sensory, afferent"
"Where is the integration center of a reflex located? - CORRECT ANSWER=> in the CNS"
"Which of the following statements is true about reflexes? A) Reflexes only involve the brainstem or higher levels of processing. B) Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex. C) Reflexes cannot be tested because they are internal.
D) Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary. - CORRECT ANSWER=>
B"
"What is true about the stretch reflex? A) Stretch reflexes help to increase the stretch on a muscle. B) The patellar reflex tests the stretch reflex of the patella. C) The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.
D) The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER=> C"
"What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? A. It does not involve interneurons. B. It involves excitatory interneurons. C. It involves inhibitory interneurons. D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles E. A&D
F. B&C - CORRECT ANSWER=> F"
"You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex
that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1)
your hand is on the hot pan. there is a sensory neuron in your skin that has been stimulated.
- the stimulated sensory neuron sends a signal back towards the cns.
- that signal from the stimulated sensory neuron synapses with interneurons in the cns integration center.
- the integration center interneurons then send out motor neuron messages to your limbs.
- there is a signal for muscle contraction at the biceps, and a simultaneous signal for inhibition of tricep movement.
- when these muscle movements are formed, it causes the elbow to flex, which makes you move your hand off of the pan." "Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this
would occur. - CORRECT ANSWER=> if acetylcholine cannot be released, muscles are forced to stay
paralyzed because the release of acetylcholine is what stimulates the opening of the calcium channels that ultimately trigger muscle contraction. the axon terminal releases acetylcholine, then acetylcholine opens the calcium channel, tons of calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscles are able
"Alzheimer's disease impacts which region(s) of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER=> occipital, parietal
and frontal lobes, and the hippocampus" "Which of the following is false concerning a CVA? A) An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed". B) A TIA is a form of an ischemic stroke. C) Stroke survivors may regain some lost functions through therapy.
D) A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel. - CORRECT ANSWER=> A"
"A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely
the cause? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Ulnar Nerve Damage"
"upload pic Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below: - CORRECT ANSWER=> 1:
Lateral Column 2: 3: Gray Commissure 4: Anterior Column 5: 6: Anterior/Ventral Horn 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: Ventral Root"
"The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve: - CORRECT ANSWER=> receives sensory information
from the upper lip and upper gums"
"The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves: - CORRECT ANSWER=> T12-L04"
"A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What nerve is most likely damaged? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> phrenic"
"A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited? - CORRECT ANSWER=> wrist
extension"
"CRANIAL NERVES, upload images and questions from module 2 exam and modules - CORRECT
ANSWER=> "
"A patient sustained damage to their femoral nerve. What is most likely limited? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Hip flexion, knee extension"
"true concerning the brachial plexus? - CORRECT ANSWER=> There are anterior and posterior
divisions." "These contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the
trunk, head and limbs. - CORRECT ANSWER=> sympathetic trunk ganglia"
"Which of the following is false concerning the sympathetic nervous system? A) It is also called the thoracolumbar division. B) It is also called the craniosacral division. C) The primary neurotransmitter is norepinephrine.
D) It inhibits the digestive tract. - CORRECT ANSWER=> B"
"A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity
in which division of her nervous system? Explain your answer - CORRECT ANSWER=> I am trying to
increase her parasympathetic nervous system activity. Currently her sympathetic system is taking control, causing her to release many stress responses. If I am trying to calm her down, I am helping her parasympathetic system become stimulated to start bringing her to a more relaxed state." "One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke?
Explain your answer. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The cerebellum was most likely affected as it is
responsible for coordinating body movements including gait." "What senses contain specialized receptor cells via specialized somatic and visceral afferents? -
CORRECT ANSWER=> smell, equilibrium"
"The outer fibrous layer of the eye includes the: - CORRECT ANSWER=> sclera and cornea"
"What portion of the eye supplies blood supply to the other layers of the eye? - CORRECT ANSWER=>
choroid of the middle layer"
"True or false: The more numerous type of photoreceptors are rods. - CORRECT ANSWER=> true"
"What is the correct order of how light passes through the eye? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Cornea,
aqueous humor, lens, retina" "A patient is found to have blindness in the right eye. What part of the vision pathway was most likely
damaged? Explain your response. - CORRECT ANSWER=> the right optic nerve, because it is the first
point of nerve translation of information. The left optic nerve wouldn't effect the right eye because it is before the optic chiasm, and damage to the optic chiasm or occipital lobe would be more indicative of total blindness because those are both downstream of the chiasm."
a) Camphorates b) Musky c) Peppermint d) Putrid
e) Umami - CORRECT ANSWER=> E"
"A person cannot perceive tastes from the anterior portion of the tongue. What nerve is most likely
damaged? - CORRECT ANSWER=> the facial nerve"
"The tongue helps form food into a compact mass called a _____. - CORRECT ANSWER=> bolus"
"The papillae that do not contain taste buds are ______. - CORRECT ANSWER=> filliform papillae"
"A patient has lost his sense of smell following a car accident. What term should be documented should
to describe his loss of smell? - CORRECT ANSWER=> anosmia"
"True or False: The tongue only contains receptors that are chemoreceptors for taste. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> false"
"Describe the steps in the olfactory pathway. Begin in the nasal cavity and end in the specific lobe of the
brain. - CORRECT ANSWER=> inside the nasal cavity there are olfactory receptors.
these receptors are stimulated and send a signal to the olfactory nerve, where synapses happen on olfactory bulbs. these form olfactory tracts. signal travels down the tract to the olfactory center in the temporal lobe."
"conduction deafness - CORRECT ANSWER=> Occurs from damage to the outer or middle ear
structures."
"middle ear structures - CORRECT ANSWER=> Ossicles: malleolus, incus, stapes
Tympanic membrane"
"inner ear structures - CORRECT ANSWER=> vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea"
"Which body system supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients and carries away waste? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> circulatory"
"which layer of the heart anchors it to the diaphragm? - CORRECT ANSWER=> pericardium"
"what is the purpose of the mitral valve? - CORRECT ANSWER=> control blood flow from left atrium to
left ventricle"
"upload image Q5 M4 Exam - CORRECT ANSWER=> "
"upload image Q6 M4 exam - CORRECT ANSWER=> "
"upload image Q7 M4 exam - CORRECT ANSWER=> "
"upload image Q8 M4 exam - CORRECT ANSWER=> "
"True or False: Arteries have high amounts of stretch with little recoil. - CORRECT ANSWER=> False;
Veins do, which is why they have the most amount of the blood" "Which vessel would you expect to be the best place to feel a strong pulse? A) Subclavian vein B) Inferior vena cava
C) Common carotid - CORRECT ANSWER=> C
arteries do not have a palpable pulse"
"What is the correct order of blood flow starting from the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER=> artery -->
arteriole --> capillary --> venule --> vein"
"Which layer of a vessel helps anchor it to the surrounding structures? - CORRECT ANSWER=> tunica
externa"
"The aortic arch turns to become the _______? - CORRECT ANSWER=> descending aorta"
"A patient had a stroke in their frontal lobe. What vessel was most likely blocked? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Anterior cerebral artery"
"These two arteries of the circle of Willis arise from the common carotid arteries in the neck. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> left and right internal carotid arteries"
"True or False: The liquid portion of blood is called formed elements. - CORRECT ANSWER=> false;
plasma"
"True or False: Hydrostatic pressure is the net pressure which pushes fluid into the tissues. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> true"
"a cell fragment from a large bone marrow cell: - CORRECT ANSWER=> platelets"
"Which statement is true concerning the events in the coagulation cascade? A) Platelets destroy the fibrin network. B) Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen. C) Plasmin becomes trapped in the fibrin threads.
D) Prothrombin is converted to thrombin. - CORRECT ANSWER=> D"
"True or False: Lymph flows from the heart out to the tissues via the lymphatic vessels. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> false - from the tissues to the heart."
"True or False: Fluid inside tissues that is not returned via the veins is returned to the heart through the
lymph system. - CORRECT ANSWER=> true"
"True or False: Lymph fluid moves in the following order: Interstitial fluid→ lymph capillaries→ Lymph
vessels→ Lymphatic Duct→ Veins - CORRECT ANSWER=> true"
"A patient has lymphedema in his right leg. What lymph vessel would most likely be obstructed? -
CORRECT ANSWER=> Thoracic Duct
Drains fluid from left side of body, both lower extremities" "Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning lymph nodes? A. The groin contains a large grouping of lymph nodes. B. The axilla contains a large grouping of lymph nodes. C. A lymph node is an encapsulated fibrous connective tissue with incoming and outgoing vessels.
D. There are more efferent vessels than afferent vessels. - CORRECT ANSWER=> D"
"Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the spleen? A. It is found in the left side of the abdomen. B. It acts as to remove old platelets in the blood. C. It has many efferent and afferent lymph vessels.
D. It is divided into regions called lobules. - CORRECT ANSWER=> C - it has one incoming artery and
one outgoing vein"
"blood leaves the spleen via the. _____ - CORRECT ANSWER=> splenic vein"
"Blood leaving the spleen flows into this vessel which also carries blood drained from the intestines,
stomach and pancreas. - CORRECT ANSWER=> hepatic portal system"
"The tonsils contain channels called __________ which trap bacteria. - CORRECT ANSWER=> crypts"
"which hormones does the thymus secrete? - CORRECT ANSWER=> thymopoietin and thymosin"
"How are mild fevers beneficial to you? - CORRECT ANSWER=> - increase wbc activity
- interfere with replication and growth of pathogens
- cause lysosomes to secrete their enzymes"
"interferons inhibt? - CORRECT ANSWER=> virus"
"Has granules in the nucleus and is the most abundant of the white blood cells. - CORRECT ANSWER=>
neutrophils"
"cells that can perform phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> all of the granuloctyes and macrophage
and monocyte"
"This cell is involved in the release of histamines and heparin. - CORRECT ANSWER=> basophil"
"Which type of immune cell rapidly divides and produces antibodies? - CORRECT ANSWER=> plasma
cells"
"These lymphocytes are highly effective against abnormal body cells, such as tumor cells: - CORRECT
ANSWER=> NK cells"
"cell-mediated immunity - CORRECT ANSWER=> type of immunity produced by T cells that attack
infected or abnormal body cells"
"What is graft rejection and why does it occur? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Graft rejection is when a
recipient's cells reject (their immune system tries to destroy) the donor cells. This happens when the recipient cells recognize the donor cells as non-self due to the MHC on the donor cells, and launch an immune response to kill the "invader". immunosuppressant drugs can help prevent this." "Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the immune cells attack the ___________. -
CORRECT ANSWER=> myelin sheath"
"A person who is highly allergic to insect bites was just stung by a wasp. An EpiPen injection was
administered to prevent what from occurring? (Be as specific as possible in your response) - CORRECT
ANSWER=> anaphylaxis -
more specifically, during an anaphylactic response: B cells will rapidly overproduce antibodies, which makes the capillaries extremely permeable. This can lead to an extreme drop in blood pressure, narrowing of respiratory passageways (difficulty breathing), and cause hives. The EpiPen injection will help prevent this response."
“What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Anatomy focuses on
the structure of the body. Physiology looks at how the body parts function together. The physiology of the body depends on the anatomy of the body." "The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other body systems. Explain how the
nervous system does this. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nervous system receives and processes
information and sends out signals to the muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way, the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the body."
"List the 3 parts that all neurons contain. - CORRECT ANSWER=> dendrites, cell body, axon"
"Describe the structure and function of the neuron cell body. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Synthesizes all
nerve cell products, consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles."
"Describe the structure and function of the dendrite. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Numerous short
extensions that emanate from the cell body which receive information from other neurons conducting those nerve impulses toward the cell body." "Describe the axon, including the number in each neuron, function, structure, and organelles. -
CORRECT ANSWER=> Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals where it
is emitted across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron. Axons are composed of cells like the cell body but lack rough endoplasmic reticulum."
"Describe the function and site of synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - CORRECT ANSWER=>
One of the main functions of the cell body is to manufacture neurotransmitters, which are chemicals stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals. When NTs are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another."
"What is a synapse? - CORRECT ANSWER=> A gap between two neurons."
"A post-synaptic neuron is a neuron that is found ______ the synapse. - CORRECT ANSWER=> after"
"_____ neurons have 3 or more extensions from the cell body and have one axon and many dendrites. -
CORRECT ANSWER=> Multipolar"
"_______ neurons have a central cell body with two extensions. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Bipolar"
"_______ neurons have one extension off the cell body which branches into two: one central process
running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Unipolar (pseudounipolar)"
"______ neurons are unipolar and function to carry information from the peripheral to the central
nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Sensory"
"These types of neurons are also called association neurons. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Interneurons"
"______ neurons send messages from the CNS system to the PNS. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Motor"
"What is the function of neuroglial cells? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Neuroglial cells are support cells,
helping to support neurons to enable them to thrive in their needed environment."
"What are the peripheral nervous system neuroglial cell types? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Schwann cells,
satellite cells"
"True of False: Axons cannot regenerate in the PNS. - CORRECT ANSWER=> False"
"True or False: Myelin sheath is continuous and has no gaps. - CORRECT ANSWER=> False"
"List the four types of support neuroglial cells in the central system and a function of each. - CORRECT
ANSWER=> Ependymal cells circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange between the brain,
spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. Oligodendrocytes act as the insulation for CNS axons. Astrocytes control chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries, forming the blood brain barrier. Microglial cells protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms."
"What is the technical term used to describe a nerve impulse and what causes the impulse? - CORRECT
ANSWER=> A nerve impulse is called an action potential and is caused by the movement of unequally
distributed ions on either side of an axon's plasma membrane." "An axon's membrane is polarized with a resting potential of -70 mV. Explain what this means and what
maintains this resting potential. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The axon plasma membrane is polarized,
meaning that one side has a different charge than the other side. This difference called a resting potential means that the charge on the inside of the axon's cell membrane is 70 millivolts less than the outside of the membrane. A sodium-potassium pump using active transport carries ions across the plasma membrane and because 3 Na+ ions are pumped out as 2 K+ ions are pumped in, a relative positive charge develops and is maintained on the outside of the membrane."
"What are the four steps of an action potential in order? - CORRECT ANSWER=> Resting potential,
depolarization, repolarization, afterpolarization (hyperpolarization)" "Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during depolarization and what
causes this to happen. - CORRECT ANSWER=> Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon.
The inside becomes more positive than the outside, causing the membrane potential to become more positive." "Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during repolarization and what
causes this to happen. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The sodium gates close and potassium gates open,
allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative charge to the inside of the axon re- establishing the negative potential."
"Describe what happens during afterpolarization. - CORRECT ANSWER=> The potassium gates that
open during repolarization are slow to close, and there is an afterpolarization undershoot of the potential."
