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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
1338 Arlegui St. Quiapo Manila College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering A Capstone Design (CE 441 – CE Projects 2) Presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Design of an 8-Storey Call Center Building using Polystyrene as Partial Substitute for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Aguilar, Earl Steven B. Abejuela, John Kenneth O. Abellar, Shena Mae M. Bertiz, Monique R. Cacha, Ronell D. July 2023 i
Approval Sheet The design project entitled “Design of an 8-Storey Call Center Building using Polystyrene as Partial Substitute for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete” prepared by Earl Steven B. Aguilar, John Kenneth O. Abejuela, Shena Mae M. Abellar, Monique R. Bertiz, and Ronell D. Cacha of the Civil Engineering Department was examined and evaluated by the members of the Student Design Evaluation Panel and is hereby recommended for approval. Engr. Donna Trisha Romano Engr. Rhona Florido Capstone 2 Adviser Capstone 2 Coordinator Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a final grade of. Engr. Lear Cedric Hechanova Panelist Engr. Restie C. Pipo Engr. Sean Barbarra Padolina Panelist Panelist Dr. Gerardo C. Malab CE Chairperson, Department of Civil Engineering Dr. Marianne L. Yumul EE, ASEAN Engr Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………….i
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACI – American Concrete Institute ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers ASCEP – Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction ASD – Allowable Strength Design ASTM – American Society for Testing & Materials DL – Dead Load LL – Live Load LRFD – Load Factor and Resistance Design MDM – Moment Distribution Method NSCP – National Structural Code of the Philippines RA 9514 – Republic Act No. 9514 Fire Code of the Philippines PPE – Personal Protective Equipment RCD – Reinforced Concrete Design SDL – Superimposed Dead Load SSD – Structural Steel Design USD – Ultimate Strength Design WSD – Work Stress Design Symbols Ω𝒗 is the seismic force amplification factor that is required to account for structural overstrength, as set forth in Section 208.4.10.1. Ø diameter symbol; angle of twist, degrees, radians. resistance factor in LRFD steel design and reinforced concrete design. 𝜌 is the Reliability/Redundancy factor. 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum element-storey shear ration. γsoil unit weight of soil, kg/m^3 a area, often cross-sectional, in^2 , ft^2 , mm^2 , m^2. depth of equivalent rectangular stress block. Ag gross area, equal to the total area ignoring any holes or reinforcement, in^2 , ft^2 , mm^2 , m^2. An area of reinforcement in bracket or corbel resisting tensile force, in^2 , ft^2 , mm^2 , m^2. As area of steel reinforcement, in^2 , ft^2 , mm^2 , m^2. B base length, m.width of compression faces of member, in.
bo perimeter of critical section for slabs and footings, in. b distance from the neutral axis to the top or bottom edge of a beam, in, mm, m. distance from the center of a circular shape to the surface under torsional shear strain, in, mm, m. rectangular column dimension in concrete footing design, in, mm, m. cc concrete cover, the space between the surface of steel and concrete of an Reinforced Concrete member. c distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, in. E is the earthquake load on an element of the structure resulting from the combination of the horizontal in NSCP Section 208.6.1. d eccentricity of load parallel to axis of member measured from centroid of cross section. Ec modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi. Eh is the earthquake load due to the base shear, V, as set forth in NSCP 2015 Section 208.5.2 or the design lateral force, Fp, as set forth in Section 208. Em is the estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section 208.6.1. Eps modulus of elasticity of prestressing reinforcement. Es modulus of elasticity of bar reinforcement, psi. Ev is the load effect resulting from the vertical component of the earthquake ground motion. F load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights; force, lb, kip, N, kN. Fs factor of safety e symbol for stress, psi, ksi, kPa, MPa. f’c compressive strength of concrete, MPa. fy yield stress, psi, ksi, kPa, MPa. Fx force component in the x coordinate direction, lb, kip, N, kN. Fy force component in the y coordinate direction, lb, kip, N, kN. Fz force component in the z coordinate direction, lb, kip, N, kN. H is the height of load due to the lateral pressure of soil and water in soil H overall thickness of member, in. hn total height of the building, m. I moment inertia of section resisting externally applied factored loads, in. Ib moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of beam in^4. Icr moment inertia of cracked section transformed concrete, in^4. Ie effective moment inertia for computation of deflection, in^4. Ig moment inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement, in^4.
s spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in direct parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, in. T is the self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential settlement, or combinations. T Period t thickness of a wall of a hollow section, in. U shear lag factor for steel tension member design. V Base Shear 𝑉𝑒 nominal shear strength provided by concrete. 𝑉𝑐𝑖 = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from combined shear and moment. 𝑉𝑐𝑤 nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from excessive principal tensile stress in the web. 𝑉𝑑 shear force at section due to unfactored dead load. 𝑉𝑝 vertical component of effective prestress force at section. 𝑉𝑠 nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement. 𝑉𝑢 factored shear force at section. W is the load due to wind pressure. 1
ABSTRACT
Polystyrene is the most extensively used plastic in the world, owing to its insoluble in water and non-biodegradability, with a few exceptions because it is easily dissolved by various solvents. According to a study made by the Environmental Management Bureau of the Philippines, Plastics alone account for 10.53% of the Landfills across the Philippines. The use of polystyrene in concrete as a substitute for coarse aggregate is one of the aims of this study to produced optimum concrete design mixture from 12 specimens added with the controlled set-up of 6 specimens and provide a quantitative analysis between the compressive and flexural strength of concrete with 2% and 10% coarse aggregate replacement of polystyrene with the sustainability of a regular concrete. In addition, the analysis and design of the 8-storey call center building are carried out using ETABS software. Based on the data that we’ve gathered, it shows a significant reduction in compressive and flexural strength of concrete with polystyrene aggregate and cured in water over a period of 28 days. The Samples with 2% percent polystyrene show a compressive of 18 MPa, while the 10% replacement have a much lower value of 9.78 MPa. On the contrary, despite the decline of the compressive and flexural strength of the concrete with polystyrene, the mass of sample with 2% replacement has a mass average of 3.30 kg and sample with 10% replacement has 2.56 kg while the controlled sample has mass average of 3.75 kg. The tested samples also show decrease with the density and unit weight producing a lightweight concrete. The data gathered is evidently lower than the results shown by the controlled sample with compressive strength of 37. MPa and flexural strength of 13.15 MPa. However, any detrimental effect it may have on the long term still needs to be researched and discussed accordingly, especially when it comes to the chemical properties of the polystyrene into concrete. Keywords: Polystyrene, 8-Storey Call Center Building, Sustainable Design, EPScrete 1
Statement of the Problem Plastics and other non-biodegradable products are harmful to our environment and although the Philippines have begun efforts in reusing and recycling some of its solid waste by means of biofuel and using it as reusable everyday objects such as carrying bags, and eco-bags. The environmental effects can still be detrimental to the health of the Filipinos living surrounding landfills, and dump sites. According to a study made by the Environmental Management Bureau of the Philippines, Plastics alone account for 10.53% of the Landfills across the Philippines. (emb.com, Aug. 2019) 3
The Proposed Solution The use of polystyrene in concrete as a substitute for coarse aggregate has been studied in 1997 by Matsuo, Eiji, Matsushita, Hiromichi, and Makizumi, Tatsunori with their research titled “Property of Super Lightweight Concrete using Expanded Polystyrene Beads as Coarse Aggregate” and was first put into effect as Expanded PolyStyrene Concrete or EPScrete as interior walls, thermal insulators, Sound Proofing and Marine Structure Technologies. The effects of the use of polystyrene in concrete has further been tested and analyzed through multiple readily available papers such as the January 5, 2021, study created and performed by Ankur Arun Kulkarni with the title “Strength and Durability of Polystyrene Concrete” concluded that a 5 – 20% is advised due to it not negatively affecting the concrete’s compressive strength. Along with a similar study conducted by a group of researchers by Cross–River University in Nigeria recently published on February 20, 2022, concluded that the use of Polystyrene as a replacement shall not exceed beyond 15% as the tensile tests conducted were not consistent. And another study conducted by IBRACON, a construction structure and materials company, published a study in December 2019 with a title of “Study about concrete with recycled expanded polystyrene” concluded that with the addition of polystyrene in the concrete’s sound dampening and a decrease of an average of 6 deg. Celsius, provided that the polystyrene replaced in concrete shall not exceed 10–20%. 4
1.2 Project Objective.....................................................................................................................
The project’s objective is to successfully design, analyze, and propose an 8-storey call center office building that will serve as a source of income for all residents within the area and be able to decrease the plastic waste using recycling polystyrene. Concurrently, the project will also aim to perform the following:
- To provide a quantitative analysis between the compressive and flexural strength of concrete with 2% and 10% coarse aggregate replacement of polystyrene with the sustainability of a regular concrete.
- To be able to show the effects of polystyrene to the density, unit weight, mass, and stress-strain of concrete samples with 2% and 10% polystyrene and a controlled sample after conducting a set of testing and under 28 days of curing.
- To be able to Implement the National Structural Code of the Philippines – 2015 (NSCP), the National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP), and the ACI Standard in the use of the concrete and steel design of the 8–storey call center building. 6
1.3 Scope and Delimitations..........................................................................................................
The project is a proposal design for an 8-storey call center office building that will focus on the use of standard materials. The scopes of the project are the following: ● The project will feature the use of Polystyrene in concrete as a replacement for the most optimal percentage of replacement in coarse aggregate. ● The project will compare the design concepts of Concrete using Ultimate Strength Design and Steel using both Allowable Strength Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design. ● The project will include the economic and environmental benefits of the use of Polystyrene in Concrete. ● The project will follow and implement the standards and rules set by the National Structural Code of the Philippines – 2015 and will use American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC 318-11), and the ACI Standard as references. ● The testing and analysis of samples shall be using a design mixture of 1:2:2 and will test the compressive, tensile, and flexural properties of concrete when polystyrene replaces a certain percentage of coarse aggregate. The Delimitations of this project are the following: ● Designs and Drawings will not contain electrical, mechanical, and plumbing works, for they are unnecessary for this study. ● The project will not include the testing of other materials incorporated in concrete besides polystyrene as a replacement for coarse aggregate in the mixture. 7
