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Political Communication study guide exam questions and the correct answers, Exams of Political communications

Brunel University LondonPolitical communications

Political Communication study guide exam questions and the correct answers

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/16/2024

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Political Communication study
guide exam questions and the
correct answers
Adversarial journalism - CORRECT ANSWER Decline of adversarial journalism
Cascading activation
Genada, Vietnam
Michael Schudson (2005)
- Limited opinion in news stems from:
• Dependence on official sources
• The constraints of professional culture
• The constraints of conventional wisdom
Agenda setting - CORRECT ANSWER • Giving attention to certain issues over others, the
Media sets the agenda of political discourse.
• The media cannot tell us what to think, but them
Can tell us what to think about! (Cohen)
Agenda Setting Process
• Media Agenda- influenced by market forces, transfers issue salience
• Public Agenda- issues discussed by public
• Policy Agenda-- Items considered for action in the
Governmental setting, generally resulting in
Response to the media agenda and the public
Agenda.
- Also known as "agenda building"
Attentive Public Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER people interested in by politics tune into
all forms of news, while the apolitical majority pays very little attention to news in any
medium.
Audience Fragmentation - CORRECT ANSWER shift from mass broadcasting to large
audiences
Toward niche media reaching more narrowly targeted
And attentive audiences is commonly referred to as this-
Audience fragmentation and is widely believed to be a
Source of change in political behavior and public opinion.
Cheap framing - CORRECT ANSWER Piggybacking:
¤ attaching political information to entertainment w/o increasing
The Costs of paying attn. or undermining entertainment value
¨ Cheap Framing:
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Political Communication study

guide exam questions and the

correct answers

Adversarial journalism - CORRECT ANSWER Decline of adversarial journalism Cascading activation Genada, Vietnam Michael Schudson (2005)

  • Limited opinion in news stems from:
  • Dependence on official sources
  • The constraints of professional culture
  • The constraints of conventional wisdom Agenda setting - CORRECT ANSWER • Giving attention to certain issues over others, the Media sets the agenda of political discourse.
  • The media cannot tell us what to think, but them Can tell us what to think about! (Cohen) Agenda Setting Process
  • Media Agenda- influenced by market forces, transfers issue salience
  • Public Agenda- issues discussed by public
  • Policy Agenda-- Items considered for action in the Governmental setting, generally resulting in Response to the media agenda and the public Agenda.
  • Also known as "agenda building" Attentive Public Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER people interested in by politics tune into all forms of news, while the apolitical majority pays very little attention to news in any medium. Audience Fragmentation - CORRECT ANSWER shift from mass broadcasting to large audiences Toward niche media reaching more narrowly targeted And attentive audiences is commonly referred to as this- Audience fragmentation and is widely believed to be a Source of change in political behavior and public opinion. Cheap framing - CORRECT ANSWER Piggybacking: ¤ attaching political information to entertainment w/o increasing The Costs of paying attn. or undermining entertainment value ¨ Cheap Framing:

¤ using low-cost, cognitive frames to put political information into Easily understood terms ¤ Primes viewer to access that issue more easily ¤ Reduces incremental costs of paying attention to further political Information ¨ Absent cheap framing, piggybacking would likely fail Citizen Campaigning - CORRECT ANSWER Citizens campaign Civic engagement - CORRECT ANSWER organized voluntary activity focused on problem Solving and helping others Volunteering, etc. TV watching is partially responsible for decline of CE Prior attitudes à Media use à Civic engagement The "Virtuous Circle" Prior attitudes Civic engagement Media usage Media enforcement can encourage CE

  1. Political discussion
  2. Political knowledge
  3. Political Interest Internet positive correlates with CE Cognitive Dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER Physical discomfort felt when cognitions Conflict (Festinger, 1957). Conflicting attitudes and behaviors Economic Market (Entman) - CORRECT ANSWER Competition between economic and political markets drive journalism to excel Media is a business. They need to compete for audience and advertising, they show what people want to see, simplify things Minimize cost Episodic and Thematic Framing - CORRECT ANSWER Episodic Framing = individual instances, specific Events (Iyengar) Thematic Framing = general context, in-depth (Iyengar) Episodic is more common is US Fairness Doctrine - CORRECT ANSWER 1987 Fairness Doctrine abolished
  • Limitations to Equal Time Rule Did not encourage discussion of more controversial issues Framing - CORRECT ANSWER Framing Effects

The digital media environment. Incidental political information encountered Through social media holds the potential to inform The uninterested and convey the mass media agenda in a Novel way that supports the survival of the public agenda Despite fragmented audiences. Incidental political information conveyed though social Media impacts perceived issue salience, though the Degree to which this may help to bridge the divide Through deeper learning and understanding remains Unclear. Indexing (Hypothesis) - CORRECT ANSWER Adjusting ("indexing") coverage of an issue According to the level of disagreement and Debate about that issue among policy elites (94).

  • Domestic Issues
  • International Affairs
  • National Security Information Regime - CORRECT ANSWER Information Revolutions - CORRECT ANSWER Issue Public Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER People will seek out information about subjects that are particularly important or interesting to them and tune out of information about other subjects. The importance of issue public membership has risen with new media. Media Entrepreneur - CORRECT ANSWER Media Entrepreneurs in Politics
  • People who make a conscious choice to Engage and solicit the media.
  • Help to frame issues and set the agenda in Accordance with their party message. Sue definition/ ownership The President as a Media Entrepreneur
  • "Going Public"
  • A strategy used by presidents and other politicians to Promote their policies by appealing directly to the public for Support.
  • Best done when president has high public approval ratings.
  • News Coverage
  • Speechmaking
  • Press Conferences

Media pools - CORRECT ANSWER A limited number of news media who represent a larger number of news media organizations for purposes of news gathering and sharing of material during a specified activity. Pooling is typically used when news media support resources cannot accommodate a large number of journalists. New Media - CORRECT ANSWER ...both the development of unique forms of Digital media, and the remaking of more Traditional media forms to adopt and adapt To the new media technologies." Terry Flew (2002) Results- globalization, new virtual social networks, increased interactivity, easier access to increased information, blogs, and event-driven coverage Campaigns, mobilization, citizen campaigning New Media Literacy - CORRECT ANSWER "The ability to access, analyze, evaluate And communicate messages in a wide Variety of forms."

  • (Aufterheide & Firestone, 1993) Accessing and navigating the Internet
  • Creating content online
  • Editing and morphing content
  • Online collaboration ("fanfic" or "wiki") New Media Optimists - CORRECT ANSWER internet will revitalize the public sphere,
  • close the digital economic divide,
  • allow for more information to more people. New Media Pessimists - CORRECT ANSWER • may enhance global divisions and economic inequality,
  • Same unequal access will prevail.
  • Information rich will become richer and poor will become pot New Media Skeptics - CORRECT ANSWER little change will occur
  • The internet can not fix weak demand for political information Partisan Polarization hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Information we have access to will just drive police sides further apart Penny Press - CORRECT ANSWER newspapers that were cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the United States from the 1830s onwards. Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible following the shift from hand- crafted to steam-powered printing. Persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER "New information that modifies the relevant Beliefs... should occur if 5 conditions are met."
  • Information is...

Summary political evaluations.

  • Ability of news to tell you what matters when you Assess candidates or the government
  • Priming effects strongest among those Who are politically knowledgeable and Trusting of the media
  • (Miller & Krasnik, 2000)
  • Partisanship affects the issues on which People can be primed Selective Exposure - CORRECT ANSWER Tendency to seek information that reinforces Pre-existing dispositions and avoid contradictory information. Selective Perception - CORRECT ANSWER "people ignore, discount, or actively resist Information that is inconsistent with their partisan preferences" Social Capital - CORRECT ANSWER "Connections among individuals - Social networks and the norms of Reciprocity and trustworthiness that Arise from them" (Robert Putnam, 2001) L supports civic and Political engagement Is in decline Facebook= bridging social capital not building it Soft News - CORRECT ANSWER also called market-centered journalism, journalistic style and genre that blurs the line between information and entertainment Spiral of Silence Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Hayes Matthews A theory of group Dynamics as it relates to the interplay among the media, interpersonal talk, and political Discussion. Form of self-censorship Social fears Ultimately a theory about how we are affected by the mass media The Democratic Divide - CORRECT ANSWER See Week 5 slides Basically if you have an interest in public affairs you will seek it out in media and are affected by it. If you are not interest in public affairs, you will be unaffected The Social Divide - CORRECT ANSWER Part of digital divide (new media and the internet) Technological opportunities are unevenly distributed Within society.
  • Income, age, race, ethnicity, education, disability,

Single vs. dual parent families affect likeliness to be Exposed to the internet.

  • Those without access to the internet face higher Information costs than others. The viscous circle of interdependence - CORRECT ANSWER The virtuous circle - CORRECT ANSWER Prior attitudes- civic engagement- media usage Type of exposure and the person exposed both matter in terms of exposure effect Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) - CORRECT ANSWER Banned all soft money ▪ Including money spent on nonpartisan GOTV activities Prohibited non-profit and for-profit "advocacy" groups, unions, and corporations from running TV/Radio ads ▪ 60 days before a general election ▪ 30 days before a primary election § Upheld by Supreme Court in McConnell v. FEC (2003) Corporations and unions exempted through Citizens United v. FEC (2010) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) - CORRECT ANSWER Congress had legitimately recognized unlimited election spending "as a mortal danger against which effective preventive and curative steps must be taken President Gerald Ford signed the bill into law Friendly Media Phenomenon - CORRECT ANSWER Goldman & Mutz (2011) People view the media they use as favoring their own views. Democrats/ Rep more ideologically divided than in the past Hostile media phenomena. This highlights the difference between how people perceive the media in general and how they view the media they use. Going Public - CORRECT ANSWER "A policy used by presidents and other politicians to promote their policies by appealing to the American public for support" (p. 196) • President is most effective when • Public approval is high • Issue is salient to public • Public has little information on issue Limits old-fashioned negotiation more posturing on TV Less compromise possible after hostile campaign Media appeals directed by media professionals and electoral strategists Leads to preoccupation with public popularity Horse Race Journalism - CORRECT ANSWER political journalism of elections that resembles coverage of horse races because of the focus on polling data, public perception instead of candidate policy, and almost exclusive reporting on candidate differences rather than similarities This is when journalists focus on candidates' polling positions rather than their policies. This coverage can leave voters uninformed, but for candidates doing well in the polls this can mean a lot of free publicity.

Political cartoons - CORRECT ANSWER Lack objectivity The Reinforcement Effect - CORRECT ANSWER Bringing candidate preferences in line with their party identification

  • Campaigns typically polarize the electorate -Campaigns steer voters in the direction of their respective parties -Voting as an expression of partisanship "Riding the wave" - CORRECT ANSWER Source credibility (Levendusky) - CORRECT ANSWER Effects about source credibility simply reflect partisan strengths Credibility judgements Swing Voters - CORRECT ANSWER Attracting Swing Voters:
  • Independent voters are particularly attune to the personality traits of the candidates
    • Visual imagery (such as debates) encourages voters to consider personality traits rather than issues.