Poli Sci 2051 Final Examination Practice 2025-2026, Exams of Political Science

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Poli Sci 2051 Final Examination Practice 2025 - 2026

Which article of the Constitution defines the powers of the President? Article 2 What were the founders afraid of? - extensive checks on its power Real power of presidency - CORRECT ANSWEF-Persuasion What are some legislative powers of the president? - CORRECT ANSWER-Recommend the State of the Union. legislation, sign/veto bills, convene Congress in emer: Pocket Veta - CORRECT ANSWER-president’s power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days line-item veto Presidential power to strike, or remove, SPECIFIC ITEMS from a spending bill without vcloing Lhe entire package: declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. What are administrative powers of the president? - CORRECT ANSWER Enforce laws, appoint officials (with Senate approval), issue executive orde Executive orders - CORRECT ANSWER-A rule or instruction made by the president that has the force of law and tells the gov ent what todo without needing Congress to pass it What are national security powers of the president? - C ‘Commander in chief, negotiate treaties, appoint and receive ambassadors, make executive agreements. he War Powers Resolution (1973)? - CORRECT ANSWER Requires the president to consult Congress before military action and withdrav pops after 60 days unless approved. What are the president's judicial powers? ANSWER-Nominate federal judges (with Senate approval), grant pardons and reprieves. True or False: The presidency is just one person- CORRECT ANSWER-false What offices help the president run the government? - C' Office of the President, While Honse Office, VP, First Lady WER-Cabinet, Exceulivo Exceulive Office of the President - CORRECT ANSWER-a collection of offices within the White House organization designed main! to provide information to the president council of economic advisors - CORRECT A president about general economic date, issues and policy proposals. Must be confirmed by senate. Office of Management and Budget eR ~EOP agency that helps the President prepare annual budget proposal and evaluates budget priorities and effectiveness of federal agencies (oversight) What are some federal revenues? - CORRECT. insurance SWEFIncome taxes, excise taxes, social Which amendment deals with income taxes - CORRECT ANSWER-16th Amendment 16th amendentment - CORRECT ANSWEF-income tax What is a progressive tax?- CORRECT ANSWER-A tax where higher income levels are taxed at higher rates. Who pays more income tax? - CORRECT ANSWER-the rich Capital Gain - CORRECT ANSWER-taxed at 15% What is a flat tax? - CORRECT ANSWER-A tax where everyone pays the same percentage regardless of income. lower-income earners (e.g How much federal revenue comes from individual income taxes? - CORRECT ANSWEFR-About A9% What type of Laxcs are State Taxes togressive (rely on sales tax) True or false: the tax burden in the US tends to be rather low when compared to other ANSWER true What are social insurance taxes used for? - ( ‘-Specifically for programs like Social Security and Medicare How much of the federal revenue is made up of social insurance? - ¢ 36%. What is a Deficit? - CORRECT ANSWER-One year of overspending What is Debt? - CORRECT ANSWER-AII money the government owes over time Why is the national debt a concern? - CO) SWER-It can increase interest costs. burden future gencralions, and reduce money available for ather spending Tax expenditure Revenue losses duc Lo special tax exemptions, deductions, or eredi Who benefits from tax expenditures? ‘upper and middle class What are the main reasons federal spending is so high? - CORRECT ANSWER-Growth of the national security state and the social service state What is incrementalism in budgeting? - CORRECT A. will be similar to last year’s, with small chang: What ended the patronage system? - CORRECT ANSWER-The Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), which created merit-base What is the Hatch Act? - CORRECT ANSWER-federal employees can't campaign or do political work while on the job Office of Personnel Management (OPM) - CORR: ER-The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process. What is the Plum Book? - C presidential appointment Government of strangers - CC ‘-president nominates 3,000 new officials to run the existent public servants making the top officials estranged from the lower officials What are the 4 types of federal bureaucracies? - Cabinet Departments Independent Regulatory Agencies Government Corporations Independent Executive Agencies Cabinet Departments - CORRECT ANSWER-The fifteen largest and most influential agencies of the federal bureaucrac: , Department of State, Treasury, Justice...) Headed by Secretary or Attorney General (Department of Justice) Independent Regulatory Agencies - CORRECT ANSWER Federal regulatory agencies that are independent, thus not fully under the pov i ent. Ex. Federal Trade Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission. government corporation - CORRECT ANS business corporation (post. office) Independent Executive Agencies - What is policy implementation? - C actual programs and results. Elements of Implementation - CORRECT. 2) Create rules 3) coordinate resources and personnel What are common problems with implementation? - CORRECT ANSWER-Poor design, unclear goals, lack of resources, red tape, and fragmentation. What are SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures)? - CORRECT ANSWER-used to bring uniformity to complex organizations choices when rules don’t clearly app. What is privatization in bureaucracy? - to private businesses to increase efficiency. What are issue networks? - CORRECT ANSWER-Looser, more open policy-making groups that include experts, activists, and others beyond just the “iron triangle.” What role does the federal Judiciary play in public policy? - CORR. ANSWER It interprets laws, determines constitutionality, and applies laws to individual cases. unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison - CORRECT ANSWER-Established judicial review (trial courts) Appeals (Cirenil) Courts Supreme Court What is original jurisdiction? - CORR! What is appellate jurisdiction? - ¢ by lower courts. What do district courls have jurisdiction over? - CORRECT ANSWER-[oderal crimes, civil suits, bankruptcy How many appeals courts are there? - CORRECT ANSWER-12 and a 13th to hear special cases What do appeals courts do? - ‘they review decisions made in lower courts and decisions made by federal regulatory agencies How many justices are on the Supreme Court? - CORRECT ANSWER-9 Retention Election - an election in which voters are asked to confirm or reject a judge’s appointment to offi What must a person have to bring a case to federal court? - CORRECT ANSWEFR-Standing to sue — they must. be personally affected by the issuc. What kind of cases can [edoral courts hear? - © ‘k-Only judiciable disputes — real, legal conflicts that courts are allowed to decide (not hypothetical problems). What is a writ of certiorari? - review a lower court's case. What is the “Rule of Four"?- CORRECT A. case for the Supreme Court to take it. What does the supreme court have original jurisdiction over? - diplomats, Us vs A state, state vs stae, state vs foreign country Do federal courts get involved in political disputes between government branches? A No, fe conflicts between branches. - CORRECT eral courts generally avoid political questions, especially those im What are the main goals of federal economic policies? - ORRECT ANSWER-To promote high employment and low inflation. What are the two main tools of economic policy? - CORR! ANSWER-Monetary policy and fiscal policy. What is monetary policy? money in circulation fiscal policy - CORRECT ANSWER Taxation, government spending, and borrowing. How does Keynesian economics propose to stimulate the economy? - government spending 1a create demand ANSWER By ANSWER-The private sector dominates and government changes are slow. What are “uncontrollable expenditures"? - CORRECT ANSWER-Spending mandated by law, such as entitlement programs. What is income distribution? - CORRE’ the population. ER-The way national income is divided among ORRECT Which groups experience the highest poverty rates? - CORRECT ANSWER-Women and children. income levels. regressive lax - CORRECT ANSWER-low-income people pay a higher amount of their income to pay for thes on cheaply produced goods} What is the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)? - CORRECT ANSWER-A federal tax credit for low-income working individuals and families. Social Programs ervices provided by government to reduce economic inequalities and promot ing of citizens What are key problems in the U.S. health care system? - CORRECT ANSWEF-High costs, lower life expectancy, and access issues. How is health care typically paid for in the U.S.? - Through a mix of government programs, private insurance, and out-of-pocket paym ow did traditional insurance work? - ee-for-service, insurance pays for How did traditional ke fi fe services What are Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)? - CORRECT ANSWER-Insurance plans that provide health services through a network to control NSWER-healtheare for elderly NSWER-hoealthcare for poor ~The Children’s Health Insurance Program for low- income children and pregnant women nol eligible for Medicaid. What did the Affordable Care Act (ACA) aim to do? insurance coverage to millions of uninsured Americans. Expand health When did the moder environmental movement begin? - CORRECT ANSWER-In the 1960s and 1970s. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - CORRECT ANSWER-1st Law) Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any pro] affecting federal lands can be started What is an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)? - CORRECT ANSWER-A report required for projects that may significantly affect the environment. What is the Environmental protection agency - CORRECT. WER-Enforces environmental policy What is the Clean Air Act? - CORRE material into air What is the Water pollution control act of 1972? - CORRECT ANSWER-Water quality What is the Endangered Species Act of 1973? - CORRECT ANSWER-Law with thc goal “Lo protect species and the ecosystems on which they d Superfund (1980) - CORRECT ANSWER-environmental policy; funded cleanup of toxic waste dumps NSWER-81% What are the concerms aboul. nuclear energy? - © WER-Risk of accidonis and problems with nuclear waste storage. What role do renewable energy sources play in U.S. energy policy? - C¢ ANSWER They are growing and expected to become a larger share of energy production. Marshall Plan - CORRECT ANSWER-a plan for aiding the European nations in economic r I] in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and PREVENT the recovery after World ¥ spread of communism. counter Sovict expansion US, Canada, western European countries The Cold war - CORRECT ANSWER-Geopalitical tension between the US and USSR. dé tente- COR NSWER-Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (strategic arms limitations talks) Fall of the USSR - CORRECT ANS WER-1991 How is terrorism defined - CORRE( frighten a country's population or government. radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the Al Qaeda - CORRECT ANSWER. United St ong ber 11, 2001. How does U.S. foreign policy generally evolve’ It responds to global political changes and is shaped by dominant worldvi among policymakers. How much of the U.S. federal budget goes toward defense? - CORRECT ANSWER-1/5 guns or butter - CORRECT ANSWER-The choice between funding defense ("guns") or domestic %y h programs (“but How many people are in the U.S. military, including reserves? - CORRECT ANSWER-1.3 million active duty and over 800,000 in National Guard/reserve: What is “soft power” in national security? - CORRECT ANSWEFUsing diplomacy, cultural influence, and economic tools instead of military for Nuclear Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER-the spread of nuclear weapons International Monetary Fund (MF) - CORREC’ North American Free Trade Agreement (NNAFTA)- CORRECT ANSWER-Agreement that created a frec-trade arca among the United States, Canada. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - CORRECT ANSWER-Global trade agreement, reduce trade barriers , avoid conflicts What types of foreign aid does the U.S. provide?- CORRECT ANSWER Military hardware, economic support, and humanitarian aid What percentage of the federal budget is spent on Ioreign aid? - CORRECT ANSWEFLess than 1%.