Download PNB 2264 EXAM 1 2025-26 STUDY GUIDE KEY CONCEPTS QUESTION AND ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS (10 and more Exams Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
PNB 2264 EXAM 1 2025-26 STUDY GUIDE/KEY CONCEPTS QUESTION AND ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS (100% VERIFIED UCONN EXAM) HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY what is anatomy the study of biological structure what is in the extracellular fluid interstitial fluid, plasma, and other fluid what is in the intracellular fluid cytosol Tumor biopsies are often sent to a laboratory, which compares groupings of cancer cells to groupings of non-cancerous cells. This is an example of which anatomical subdiscipline? histology: study of tissues
what is developmental anatomy studies the development of embryos what is embryology the study of embryos what is gross anatomy study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye the wrist is ________ to the hand proximal the lungs are ____________ to the heart lateral
stimulus ----> receptor ------> afferent pathway ------> control center -----> efferent pathway -----> effector ---> response open loop system A control circuit in which the system output has no effect on the control. response that does not affect stimulus feed-forward the process of blood clotting involves the release of clotting factors. these clotting factors stimulate the release of additional clotting factors until a "plug" is formed from nearby platelets that stops the bleeding. based upon this, the process of blood clotting is an example of:
positive feedback: blood vessel is injured --> clotting factors are released ---> stimulate the release of more clotting factors ---> continues until stable clot is formed uncontrolled bleeding (hemorrhage) causes a drop in blood pressure and initiates the process of blood clotting. as a result, blood vessels to narrow (constrict) and blood pressure increases. this is an example of negative feedback: drop in blood pressure --> blood clotting and constrict blood vessels ---> increase blood pressure back to normal range which of the following is a good example of a feed forward mechanism? producing saliva when you smell pizza: smell does not initiate saliva: 2 different senses (smell vs. taste) other examples of negative feedback 1.) high body temperatures: initiate sweating to bring it back to normal temperatures
- extracellular makeup (or matrix)
- function what does the extracellular matrix contain proteins, salts, water, and other macromolecules what are the four primary tissue types 1.) epithelial 2.) connective 3.) nervous 4.) muscle general functions of epithelial tissue
- a lot inside of body
- come into contact with exterior environment
- physical protection from water, chemicals, and physical injury
- selective permeability: allows certain substances into digestive system
- secretion and absorption
- sensation
- serve as receptors for vision and hearing gross anatomical structures are seen with the naked eye what is histology the study of tissues what is cytology the study of cells what is physiology the study of biological function
associated with appendages: arms and legs cystic fibrosis is due to mucus built up in respiratory system: mismatch leads to disease axial structures appendicular structures superior: term of position further up on the body by head inferior: term of position located further down on the bottom by the foot
anterior: term of position front of body posterior: term of position back of body lateral: term of position outside of appendages medial: term of position inside of appendages distal: term of position located further down on appendage
plane that cuts the body into equal Left & Right halves humans have _________ symmetry bodies bilateral what is homeostasis ability to maintain relatively constant conditions humans need to maintain relatively constant internal conditions despite living in a variety of environments: why are we allowed to survive in different environments because of homeostasis can homeostasis vary in its internal conditions? it can vary within a narrow range: can fluctuate minimally
what is negative feedback a response to a change in the body that counteracts or opposes the initial change: helps restore homeostasis in a negative feedback loop, the response negates the stimulus initial stimulus --> response ---> stimulus homeostasis loop receptor - > controller - > effector what is positive feedback
a system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings: no relationship between stimulus and response compartmentalization is essential for.... homeostasis: body cavities and organs have unique set points (keep different parts of the body chemically or physically separate) intracellular fluid: compartmentalization of body fluid intra: inside cell (cytosol) extracellular fluid: compartmentalization of body fluid extra: outside of cell (interstitial fluid, plasma, and other fluid) general characteristics of epithelial tissue
- cellularity: really dense (packed)
- polarity: membrane face have different purposes
- attachment
- avascularity: lacks blood supply
- regenerative capacity: rapidly dividing tissue exchange epithelia pores between cells permit easy passage of molecules: eg. lungs
- permit the rapid exchange of materials between two compartments
- allow molecules to move between two adjacent cells paracellularly transporting epithelia tight junctions that permit the rapid exchange of materials between two compartments: greater selectivity
- prevents free movement between adjacent cells
- substances must instead pass through the epithelial cell, crossing the membrane as they do
- exocrine glands: release their secretions into ducts: carry to external environments endocrine glands release their secretions into blood or interstitial fluid exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts: carry to external environments simple tubular gland intestinal glands and gastric glands simple alveolar gland not found in adult and sebaceous glands
compound tubular glands mucous glands compound alveolar glands mammary glands compound tubuloalveolar glands salivary glands merocrine secretion release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis
- salivary glands
- package into membrane bound vesicles (ex: digestion system) apocrine secretion
