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Mental Health: Definitions, Disorders, and Therapies - A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of Nursing

Shaw UniversityNursing

A comprehensive overview of mental health, exploring key concepts, disorders, and therapeutic approaches. It delves into the definitions of mental health and illness, examines various defense mechanisms, and outlines the stages of grief. The document also covers common anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder. It further explores the principles of psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (cbt), and electroconvulsive therapy (ect). The document concludes with a discussion of psychopharmacotherapy and the phases of a therapeutic relationship.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/06/2025

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PN 3003 Variations (Mental Health)
1. definition of mental health vs mental illness <Ans> mental health <Ans>
-state of wellbeing in one's own abilities & normal stresses of life
-only in a complete state of wellbeing when physical, mental, and social well being
is intact
mental illness <Ans>
-disturbance in a person's cognition, emotions, or behaviors
2. primary gain vs secondary gain <Ans> primary <Ans> anxiety is diverted
to the physical problem (ex <Ans> stressing over final, deciding to skip it = no
more anxiety)
Secondary:receiving attention from another (ex: attention from teacher, classmates,
etc)
3. repression vs regression <Ans> repression
-suppressing a thought or desire so it remains unconscious
ex <Ans> child gets bitten by a dog & develops intense phobia of dogs later in
adulthood & doesn't remember experience as a child
regression
-defense mechanism where person reverts back to an earlier stage of development
ex <Ans> in periods of stress, person may revert to bedwetting or thumb sucking
4. define displacement <Ans> defense mechanism where it involves an
individual trans- ferring negative feelings from one person or thing to another
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Download Mental Health: Definitions, Disorders, and Therapies - A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

PN 3003 Variations (Mental Health)

  1. definition of mental health vs mental illness mental health -state of wellbeing in one's own abilities & normal stresses of life -only in a complete state of wellbeing when physical, mental, and social well being is intact mental illness -disturbance in a person's cognition, emotions, or behaviors
  2. primary gain vs secondary gain primary anxiety is diverted to the physical problem (ex stressing over final, deciding to skip it = no more anxiety) Secondary:receiving attention from another (ex: attention from teacher, classmates, etc)
  3. repression vs regression repression -suppressing a thought or desire so it remains unconscious ex child gets bitten by a dog & develops intense phobia of dogs later in adulthood & doesn't remember experience as a child regression -defense mechanism where person reverts back to an earlier stage of development ex in periods of stress, person may revert to bedwetting or thumb sucking
  4. define displacement defense mechanism where it involves an individual trans- ferring negative feelings from one person or thing to another

ex a person who is angry at their boss and may take out their anger on a family member

  1. define rationalization Making excuses for actions or feelings ex person is rejected by crush & rationalizes situation by saying they were not attracted to other person anyway
  2. define intellectualization defense mechanism where person avoid uncomfort- able emotions by focusing on facts & logic ex if person A is rude to person B, person B may think about possible reasons for person A's behavior
  3. what are the stages of grief? denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
  4. describe denial stage of grief -avoiding reality & may act like nothing happened -allows an adjustment period to gather coping strategies for grieving

tion of an event -once misperception identified, clients can change their behaviors by changing their maladaptive thinking about themselves & experiences

  1. describe electroconvulsive therapy biomedical tx using low voltage electric shock waves passed through the brain for several seconds to induce short periods of seizures -causes changes in brain chemistry that can immediately reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses -can be used in depression, psychosis, bipolar, catatonia, severe agitation & aggres- sion in dementia pts -done 2-3x a week, lasting about 6-12 txs -confusion clears within hours while memory loss becomes more persistent
  1. what meds are used when performing ECT? administered along w/ general anesthesia & muscle relaxants to minimize any seizures impacting entire body & severe muscle contractions that can fracture or dislocate bones
  2. when is ECT performed? recommended when people who have symptoms aren't responding to meds or psychosocial txs
  3. what is contraindicated for ECT? -lithium ’ contributes to cognitive side effects (delirium & cognitive problems) -BP meds
  • benzos
  1. what is important to do after ECT completed? reorient patient (name, date, location)
  2. what is psychopharmacotherapy use of medications to treat psychological problems
  3. what are the most common symptoms of psychiatric disorders as de- scribed by DSM-5? -mood alterations -irritability & anxiety -altered thought processes -misperceptions of environment -impaired & illogical communication or interaction patterns -disorientation & confusion
  4. what are the phases of a therapeutic relationship? Orientation, working, termination
  5. describe orientation phase pt & nurse getting to know each other -involves explaining purpose of nurse-pt interaction for building trust, establishing roles, & identifying problems & expectations

judgement problem-solving, decision-making abilities thought processes speed, content, logical or illogical

  1. differentiate each characteristic empathy genuineness acceptance self awareness empathy -seeing, understanding, & sharing others viewpoints w/o judgement genuineness -attribute of realness & concerns that fosters an honest & caring foundation for trust acceptance -ability to see the client as a person w/ worthy & dignity who isn't judged or labeled by the standards of another self-awareness -consciousness of one's own individuality & personality w/ an attitude of openness to make positive changes
  2. what are the types of anxiety disorders? -generalized anxiety disorder -panic disorder -specific phobia -social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
  • PTSD
  • OCD
  1. describe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) excessive worrying and anxiety experienced daily for longer than 6 months -can coexist w/ depression
  2. S+S of generalized anxiety disorder excessive worry & anxiety plus (at least) 3 of the following
  • restlessness
  • irritability -muscle tension -difficulty falling/staying asleep
  • fatigue poss somatic (relating to the body) symptoms -chest pain

-more common in females than males

  1. define agoraphobia avoidance of specific places, situations tending to trigger panic attacks
  2. what are different types of specific phobias? PTSD, social, agoraphobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia (fear of heights)
  3. specific phobia fear of objects or specific situations or events
  4. most common types of specific phobia? animals, height, water, storms, blood or needles, flying, elevators, or enclosed space
  5. signs & symptoms of specific phobia -irrational & persistent fear of object or situation -immediate anxiety on contact w/ feared object or situation -loss of control, fainting, panic response -avoidance of activities w/ feared stimulus

-worry w/ anticipatory anxiety -possible impaired social or work functioning

  1. incidence & etiology of specific phobia -affects over 6m adult Americans -twice as common in females as males -common but not severe enough to be diagnosed -symptoms usually have an onset during childhood or adolescence & persists throughout adult life
  2. describe social anxiety disorder (social phobia) excessive fear of any social situation which embarrassment is possible
  3. s+s of social anxiety disorder - hyperventilation
  • palpitations -trembling hands or voice -inability to speak correctly
  • blushing
  • sweating -GI symptoms -urinary urgency -muscle tension -anticipatory anxiety -fear of embarrassment or ridicule
  1. incidence & etiology of social anxiety disorder -equally common in men & women -onset usually occurs in childhood or early adolescence -onset can be abrupt after an event occurs or it can be slow
  1. incidence & etiology of PTSD -more common in females & can be seen in any age group -also more common if there is a family hx of the disorder
  2. obsessive compulsive disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by unwant- ed repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions) for more than 1hr daily
  3. s+s of OCD -recurrent unwanted thoughts referencing contamination, sexuality, aggression, need for perfection -attempts to reduce unwanted thoughts -repetitive acts, impulses, or rituals -lack of concentration and task completion -impaired social or work functioning
  4. what are the common types of obsessive thoughts diagnosed OCD pts may have? contamination thoughts of being polluted w/ germs repeated doubts questioning thoughts as to whether one did or didn't do something (ex turning oven off) orderliness thinking that one has to have everything in a particular order (ex placing things in alphabetical order) impulses that are aggressive or horrific recurring thoughts about doing actions that could bring distress to others (ex hurting an innocent person) sexual imagery thoughts about sexually revealing images or porn
  5. incidence & etiology of OCD -equally common in men & women, but occurs earlier in men -onset in childhood or adolescence
  6. what are the treatments for anxiety disorders? - sertraline

-buspirone (short-term, non-drowsy) -bromazepam (short-term) -Xanax (long-term)

  • psychotherapy
  1. describe sertraline (brand, uses, side effects, etc) brand Zoloft class SSRIs (helps restore balance of serotonin in the brain) uses tx depression, panic attacks, OCD, PTSD, SAD, & severe premenstrual syn- drome -monitor for serotonin syndrome/toxicity
  2. buspirone brand Buspar class anxiolytic (affects neurotransmitters in the brain) uses anxiety, short-term -avoid eating/drinking grapefruit

-persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

  • bipolar
  • cyclothymic
  1. depression A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness for a duration of over 2 weeks or longer
  2. s+s of major depressive disorders -hopelessness, worthlessness -guilt & self blame -crying episodes -sleep disturbances -weight & appetite changes
  • “ sex drive -poor concentration & memory lapse
  • irritability
  • anxiety
  • ‘ somatic complaints -difficulty making decisions

-anhedonia & anergia -thoughts of death & suicide

  1. incidence & etiology of major depressive disorders -more common in fe- males & who have familial hx -people aged 14-16 & 65+ have a higher incidence
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Moderate depression that per- sists for two years or more
  3. s+s of persistent depressive disorder -chronic depression syndrome -feelings of inadequacy, failure, emptiness
  • hopelessness -negativism (learned sense of helplessness) -inappropriate sexual behaviors -maladaptive coping skills (substance use, spending sprees) -sleep difficulties
  • ‘ or “ appetite
  • fatigue -low self esteem -difficulty concentrating
  • “ decision making ability
  1. incidence & etiology of persistent depressive disorder -2x-3x more com- mon in women than men -likely to occur in 1st degree biologic relatives w/ depressive disorders -early onset beginning anytime from childhood through early adulthood -can eventually develop bipolar disorder
  2. bipolar disorder mood disorder in one experiences both manic and

-reckless & impulsive behaviors -lack of judgement -poor hygiene

  1. incidence & etiology of bipolar disorder -environmental factors, changes in neurotransmitters, familial pattern, substance abuse & stressful events are potential causes -women are at greater risk at developing -average onset is early 20s, but can start as early as adolescence or late as age 50
  2. list nursing interventions for a pt experiencing hypomania or a manic episode -create a safe environment -decrease environmental stimuli -assess risk for accidents to self or others -monitor own anxiety level & convey messages w/ soothing tone of voice -refrain from becoming angry w/ clients who are hostile or behaving in an appropriate in an inappropriate manner -avoid arguing w/ or being charmed by clients -educate pt about meds & give pt food w/ meds to reduce upper GI discomfort & nausea -provide nutritional finger food when pt unable to sit long enough -monitor I&O to prevent dehydration; give juices and waters in containers -set & maintain limits like unit rules & policies -spend time w/ client so they can talk, walk etc -provide positive feedback when needed
  3. cyclothymic disorder chronic mood disturbance w/ fluctuating periods of hy- pomanic symptoms & periods of depression
  1. s+s of cyclothymic disorder -recurrent episodes of hypomania & dysthymia (usually <2 months) -states not as severe as in bipolar -no psychotic symptoms -functioning not severely impaired
  2. incidence & etiology of cyclothymic disorder -common in both men & women -begins in adolescence or early adulthood -usually chronic w/ an insidious onset
  3. what are tx options for mood disorders? -antidepressants (fluoxetine, citalo- pram, sertaline, wellbuttine) -mood-stabilizing drugs lithium -psychotherapy (same as anxiety disorders)
  • ECT