Plants: Evolution, Characteristics, and Classification, Slides of Biology

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Plant Diversity

The Evolution and

Classification of

Plants

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PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Photosynthetic autotrophs containing

chloroplasts.

• Non-mobile (fixed to one spot)
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Responds to environment and grows

through the use of hormones

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Plants are classified based on

whether or not they have

1. Vascular System (transport)

2. Seeds

3. Flowers (enclosed seeds)

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Concept Map: Plants are divided 1st^ by

whether or not they have a vascular system.

Bryophytes Tracheophytes

Plants

Has Vascular

Tissue

Has NO Vascular

Tissue

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Typical Moss Plant (most common bryophyte)

Spores form inside the capsule.

Notice the problem of nutrient separation into air and soil is solved with underground and above ground parts. (Although NO TRUE roots, stems or leaves are present)Docsity.com

Tracheophytes

-Vascular Plants-

1. Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant: a. Xylem - transports H 2 0 up from roots. b. Phloem - transports food made during photosynthesis and nutrients to where they are needed in the plant.
2. Presence of a vascular system allowed plants to become tall.
3. Has specialized organs: roots, stems, and leaves.

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1. Contain a vascular

system.

2. They grow in moist,

shady habitats.

3. Has underground

stems, roots, & large

leaves called fronds.

4. Reproduce using

spores , Not seeds.

The Fern - a seedless vascular

plant

There are 11, species of ferns.

Sori

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ADVANTAGE : Developed reproductive

strategies that do not need water:

1. Seed contains

a. A fully developed embryo b. Food supply for embryo c. A water-proof seed coat to keep from drying out

2. Sperm transferred in water-proof pollen

through pollination by wind or animals.

3. Developed seed-bearing structures: Cones

and Flowers

Seed-Bearing Tracheophytes

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• Cycad (Sago palm),
• Ginkgo ,
• Conifer (pine, spruce, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, yews, & cypress trees)

Gymnosperms- “naked

seed”

Sago Palm Ginkgo Ginkgo Docsity.com

1. Most common gymnosperms are Conifers
2. Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevents freezing.

Gymnosperms-Conifers

Sequoia

Juniper Pine Docsity.com

Angiosperms- “enclosed seeds”

1. These are flowering plants the encourage

direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell,

color and offering nectar)

2. Pollinators are flying insects, birds, and

bats that transfer pollen from flower to

flower.

3. Flowers contain ovaries, which is where

eggs/seeds are produced.

4. A fruit is the pollinated ovary containing

mature seeds.

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Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to

reduce competition with parent plant.

1. Winged fruit – glides to new location (maple fruit) 2. Floating fruit – can float to new locations (coconut) 3. Fleshy fruit - sweet bright colored fruit have seeds that survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple) 4. Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to the fur of animals (cockleburs)

Maple seeds: Winged fruit

Burdock: Spiny fruit Docsity.com