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PJM Generation Dispatch Exam Flash
Cards
Which of the following statements is correct concerning PJM assuming frequency control of the restoration process? A) PJM assumes control once an external transmission tie has been established. B) Once an Area Control Error can be calculated, PJM will assume control. C) Whenever it becomes too much of a burden for any one Transmission Owner within the RTO D) Whenever the Transmission Owners within the RTO agree to let PJM control the process. correct answersC) Whenever it becomes too much of a burden for any one Transmission Owner within the RTO During black start restoration, priority access to cranking power should be given to: A) Hot units that can return to service immediately. B) Combustion turbines in areas where the initial disturbance occurred C)Units with black start capability D) Hydro Units correct answersA) Hot units that can return to service immediately. During a restoration, if you are presented with the opportunity to re-connect with the Eastern Interconnection, you should: A)Not pursue this opportunity because you may cause the Eastern Interconnection to become unstable. B) Pursue this opportunity only when you have adequate Dynamic Reserves on your system C) Pursue this opportunity as quickly as possible D) Pursue this opportunity only if you need cranking power for your generating unity correct answersC) Pursue this opportunity as quickly as possible Complete (Total System) Blackouts are characterized by which of the following?
1 - Most common type of blackout 2 - May require coordinating multiple islands 3 - Likely to result in Transmission overloads or other issues 4 - Affects a very large geographical area, and many customers 5 - Most commonly caused by human or switching errors A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 4 C) 3 & 5 D) 1 correct answersB) 2 & 4 The first step in a system restoration would be to: A) Immediately notify the media of the event B) Restore as much of the area load as possible C) Restore as much under-frequency load as possible D) Verify that communication is functional with your neighbors correct answersD) Verify that communication is functional with your neighbors Why would an offsite power to generating facilities be a priority during the restoration process? A) To provide safe shutdown power for the units B) To meet FERC requirements C) To provide adequate lighting for the plant operators to attempt a restart D) To prepare and expedite the return of the unit correct answersD) To prepare and expedite the return of the unit Factors that help determine the sequence of restoration of off-line generation include (Pick 2):
C) 1, 3 and 4 D) 2, 3 and 4 correct answersB) 1, 2 and 4 During system restoration, the two categories of reserves are: A) dynamic and secondary B) spinning and quick start C) dynamic and spinning D) spinning and primary correct answersC) dynamic and spinning During a system restoration you have 400MW of Steam capacity, 350MW of CT capacity and 300MW of Hydro capacity restored. Your largest contingency is a 200MW Steam Unit. You have also restored 150MW of under-frequency load. What is your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick-up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro and 25% for CT) A) 142.5MW B) 152.5MW C) 285MW D) 292.5MW correct answersC) 285MW What is the most critical communication path when restoring large load blocks early in a system restoration? A) Between the Generating Unit and the Transmission Owner B) Between PJM and the generating plant C) Between the Generator Owner (or MOC) and the generating unit D) Between the transmission owner and the MOC correct answersA) Between the Generating Unit and the Transmission Owner
Your entire system has blacked out due to an event. You receive word from PJM that the entire region is affected as well. Your blackstart generation resources are spread throughout your system, which cover a large area. Which restoration strategy would be the best for you to implement? A) Combination approach B) Bottom-up Core Island approach C) Top-down approach D) Bottom-up Multiple Island approach correct answersD) Bottom-up multiple island approach During a system restoration, which entity directs the loading of generation, to match the load restored? A) PJM B) The Generating Unit C) The Transmission Owner D) The Generation Owner (or MOC) correct answersC) The Transmission Owner Your entire system has blacked out due to an event. You receive information the your neighboring systems are also blacked out. Your main urban load center restoration strategy would be the best for you to implement? A) Combination approach B) Bottom-up Core Island approach C) Top-down approach D) Bottom-up Multiple Island approach correct answersB) Bottom-up Core Island approach Select the statement that best describes why Minimum Source Requirements have been established: A) To ensure system stability prior to interconnecting with another entity B) To reduce major frequency fluctuations when energizing load C) To prevent or reduce the effects of line changing when energizing EHV transmission
- Have the ability to maintain frequency and voltage under varying load
- Must be tested every 3 years
- Must be able to run for 12 hours, or defined by the TO restoration plan correct answers-Must have and maintain procedures for the unit -Have the ability to maintain frequency and voltage under varying load
- Must be tested every 3 years Which of the following statements would be considered an implication from receiving power from an outside entity? A) Equipment Damage B) Isolation of the unit from the outside entity C) Maximize the time for generator restarts D) Unintentional interconnection between the two areas correct answersD) Unintentional interconnection between the two areas Which of the following would be considered pre-tie preparations when interconnecting islands? (Select
- Ensure reliable communications are available for all entities involved in the interconnection process
- Recalculation of reserves
- Identification of the transmission line to tie areas together
- Provide updated hydroelectric capability correct answers- Ensure reliable communications are available for all entities involved in the interconnection process
- Identification of the transmission line to tie areas together If a change in the capability of a Black Start resource affects the ability of a generator to meet the Transmission Operator's individual restoration plant, the Generation Operator shall notify the Transmission Operator of the known changes within. A) 4 hours
B) 8 hours C) 16 hours D) 24 hours correct answersD) 24 hours During a restoration process, Generation Owners are required to update their progress by submitting a report: A) On an hourly basis B) Every 1/2 hour C) For every unit returning to service D) As conditions on the system change correct answersA) On an hourly basis Concerning PJM requirements for critical start generation, which of the following statements applies to the units capability to maintain frequency? () A) Dynamic offline testing of the units voltage controls B) Picking up an isolated block of loads C) Producing leading and lagging VARs D) Dynamic Off-line testing of the units governor control correct answersB) Picking up an isolated block of loads D) Dynamic Off-line testing of the units governor control During system restoration, a generator should not be loaded above the level of available A) operating reserve B) synchronized reserve C) primary reserve D) dynamic reserve correct answersD) dynamic reserve Dynamic Reserves consist of
D) PJM correct answersB) The Transmission Owner While progressing through your system restoration plan, you come across a transmission line that has both of its breakers closed. The line is far removed from any generation sources. Which of the following statements describes the best course of action you should take? A) The line is clearly faulted and should not be re-energized until all other facilities are in service. B) The line is not faulted and can be re-energized immediately. C) Clear the remaining breakers on the bus and test energize it with a remote line D) Have field personnel check the relay targets at both terminals to determine if the line is faulted correct answersD) Have field personnel check the relay targets at both terminals to determine if the line is faulted Using the following information, determine the maximum amount of load that should be restored (assume a 5% governor droop). Generation Capacity on-line = 1000MW System Load = 800MW System Frequency = 60.5 Hz A) 50MW B) 90MW C) 120MW D) 150MW correct answersA) 50MW Do not restore load blocks that exceed 5% of the synchronized gen capacity Which of the following would be considered as the 'final step' in determining the status of generation after a disturbance or event has occurred? A) Determine the status of generation that was off-line prior to the event
B) Stabilize surviving on-line generation C) Determine what generation survived the event and is still in service D) Determine the status of generation that was off-line prior to the event correct answersC) Determine what generation survived the event and is still in service According to PJM, how many critical Blackstart Unit outages may there be per station? A) 3 B) 2 C) 4 D) 1 correct answersD) 1 2 are allowed per zone but must be at different stations Which of the following are considered as 'critical load' by PJM? A)Two independent feeds into each nuclear facility for station start-up B) Power to pumping plants for underground cables C) Gas infrastructure equipment D) Light and power to critical substations correct answersC) Gas infrastructure equipment During system restoration operations, a member company has a steam capacity of 600MW, combustion turbine capacity of 200MW and 100MW of hydro capacity. The load factors (governor response) are 5%, 25%, and 15% respectively. Also, 50MW of load with underfrequency load shedding enabled has been restored. What is the total governor reserve capability of the company's steam, combustion turbine and hydro units? correct answers95MW During system restoration prior to synchronization of a unit, the dispatcher should ensure sufficient load is available to A) economize unit operation
According to the NERC EOP-005-2, Requirement 9, each Transmission Owner shall have Black Start testing requirements in place to verify the capability of each generation resource to meet the restoration plan requirements. Under this process, each generator shall be tested at least every A) Year B) Three years C) Five years D) Seven years correct answersB) Three years When connecting islands, how do you know if your system is stable? (Pick 2)
- The overall inertia of the generators will be decreased when interconnected
- Small deviations in frequency and voltage when restoring load
- Load is being picked up with automatic under-frequency relaying available
- Adequate operating reserves correct answers- Small deviations in frequency and voltage when restoring load
- Load is being picked up with automatic under-frequency relaying available Which of the following can NOT be changed hourly?
- Regulation high and low limits
- MW capability of regulation
- price of regulation
- status of regulation correct answers- price of regulation The field windings of a generator are located in which part of the generator?
- Stator
- Turbine
- Rotor
- Exciter correct answers- Rotor Which of the following is not a goal of the PJM Market Monitor?
- Maximization of generator revenues
- Limit returns to market power
- Provide incentives to competitive behavior
- Facilitate competition correct answers- Maximization of generator revenues A means of generating hot water, and/or high and low pressure steam and electricity at the same time, from the same energy source, yielding a highly efficient power plant is defined as: A) Combined cycle B) Combustion turbine C) Simple cycle D) Co-generation correct answersD) Co-generation The basic function of Gen Checkout is to:
- compare the values in eMkt to the outages in eDART
- offer units into the Day Ahead Market
- Compare the historical generator outage values in eGADS to the outages in eDART
- compare the values in eMkt to the pending OASIS transmission reservations correct answers- compare the values in eMkt to the outages in eDART Which of the following reserves is not part of the IRC (Instantaneous Reserve Check)? A) Dynamic B) Spinning
Operating Reserves correct answersT <= 30min Primary + Secondary Offline + Online Offline = lesser of: spin max, spin ramp rate (30min - TTS) Online =lesser of: ramp rate * 30 min, spin max - current MW level Supplemental Reserves correct answers= operating reserve - primary reserve primary reserve = synchronized + quick start Reliability Analysis When does it happen? What is the rebid period? correct answersSecond commitment to ensure that their is enough gen to meet real-time load forecast Schedule: 1600 - Day ahead results posted 1600-1800 - Rebid period (Gives units not picked up in the day ahead an opportunity to change offers/parameters) 1800 - Reliability analysis What is the difference between Dynamic Reserve and Synchronized Reserve? correct answersDynamic Reserve - (automatic) reserve on generators that is available via governor action and load w/ under frequency relaying Synchronized Reserve - (manual) spinning online gen What are the two types of reserves monitored during a restoration? correct answersSynchronous and Dynamic reserves
Which of the following equipment controls generator shaft speed, controls frequency, and adjusts generation for small changes in load? A) Output terminal voltage of the generator B) Governor C) Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) D) Exciter correct answersB) Governor A 500MW generator is following economic dispatch and is currently loaded at 400MW. This units ramp rate is 3MW/min. How much Spinning Reserve is available on the unit? A) 10MW Tier 1, 90MW Tier 2 B) 30MW Tier 1, 70MW Tier 2 C) 0MW Tier 1, 100MW Tier 2 D) 30MW Tier 1, 0MW Tier 2 correct answersD) 30MW Tier 1, 0MW Tier 2 What is the deadline for a self-scheduling unit for spinning reserve? A) 1800 on the day before B) 120 minutes before the operation hour C) 60 minutes before the operation hour D) 20 minutes before the operation hour correct answersC) 60 minutes before the operation hour To whom does the Market Monitor Report? A) The largest PJM member B) NERC C) Organization of PJM Inc (OPSI)
When is an IRC requested? What types of reserves does it request? correct answersAn IRC is typically requested 30-45 min prior to a peak. Types of reserves on the check: -operating reserve -synchronized reserve -quick start (hydro/other) -supplemental Regarding abuses to market rules, what entity holds the authority for enforcement? A) The PJM Market Monitor B) The PJM Members Committee C) NERC D) FERC correct answersFERC Under excited test results means the system is? correct answersLeading (absorbing VARs) What type of units are required to conduct Generator Reactive Testing and how often? correct answersUnits: -Any unit 20MW and up -Aggregate units 75MW and up -All black start units -Synchronized condenser units greater than 20MW Frequency: -every 5 years What is the difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 synchronized reserves? correct answersTier 1 (economic) - Online units that follow economic dispatch and only partially loaded and therefore are able to increase output within 10 minutes following PJM dispatcher request to event
Tier 2 (non-economic) - Resources that offered into the synchronized reserve market and cleared -condensers (CTs and Hydro) transition to online tier 2 condense mode -steam reduced to provide tier 2 support -CTs online at min-operating at a point that deviates from econ -Demand response that can drop load What is Regulation? correct answersRegulation is:
- A variable amount of generation under automatic control
- Independent of economic cost signal
- obtainable within 5 minutes
- Responds to frequency deviations The purpose of the Heavy Load Voltage Schedule action is to increase reactive reserves on: A) All SVCs B) The EHV system C) All synchronized generating units D) The distribution system correct answersB) The EHV system What is the temperature trigger for a Cold weather alert in a control zone? A) -5 Degrees B) 0 Degrees C) 10 Degrees D) 32 Degrees correct answersC) 10 Degrees What product does PJM schedule to protect the system against unexpected generation loss?
