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A comprehensive study set for the autonomic nervous system, covering key concepts and definitions. It includes questions and answers related to the structure, function, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system, making it a valuable resource for students studying physiology. The dual innervation of organs, the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, neurotransmitters, and receptors involved in autonomic function.
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autonomic nervous system - Answer the involuntary motor system of the body; autonomic refers to the effects of this system happening at a subconscious level; this system provides the innervations to the smooth muscle (found in walls of hollow organs), cardiac muscle, and most glands
dual innervation - Answer most organs are innervated by both branches of the ANS and can function in opposition or cooperatively; the purpose of this system is to maintain homeostasis
purpose of the autonomic nervous system - Answer to maintain homeostasis
parasympathetic - Answer predominates when the body is at rest; "housekeeping"; rest and digest; it maintains the normal functioning of the digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive systems
sympathetic - Answer predominates when the body is under stress; it increases its output to generate a fight or flight response that helps the body deal with stress
when the sympathetic branch increases its output - Answer the parasympathetic system decreases its output
preganglionic neuron - Answer first neuron that always originates in the CNS; its axon will typically meet the second neuron in an autonomic ganglion; originates from the lateral horns found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord (T1-L2)
postganglionic neuron - Answer second neuron that meets in the first
autonomic ganglion - Answer synapse where the preganglionic neuron meets the postganglionic neuron
thoracolumbar - Answer when the preganglionic neuron originates from the lateral horns found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord (T1-L2)
first pattern for the sympathetic nervous system - Answer 1. the preganglionic neuron's axon leaves the lateral horn and travels through the ventral root into the spinal nerve
second pattern for the sympathetic nervous system - Answer 1. the preganglionic neuron's axon enters the sympathetic chain of ganglia, but does not synapse here
third pattern for the sympathetic nervous system - Answer 1. the preganglionic neuron's axon enters the sympathetic chain of ganglia and continues through a splanchnic nerve to the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
craniosacral division - Answer in the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neurons originate in either the brainstem or sacral spinal cord; thus it is referred to as
terminal ganglia - Answer located close to the organ; the preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons here
intramural ganglia - Answer located within the wall of the organ; the preganglionic neurons synapse with postsganglionic neurons here
oculomotor (III) - Answer in the brainstem, a cranial nerve that carries preganglionic neurons; goes to smooth muscle in the eye for changing pupil size and the shape of the lens (ciliary muscle, for focusing)
facial (VII) - Answer in the brainstem, a cranial nerve that carries preganglionic neurons; goes to 2 pairs of salivary glands
glossopharyngeal (IX) - Answer in the brainstem, a cranial nerve that carries preganglionic neurons; goes to a pair of salivary glands
vagus (X) - Answer in the brainstem, a cranial nerve that carries preganglionic neurons; goes to the organs of the thorax and abdomen (controls smooth muscles and glands); not pelvis
sacral spinal cord - Answer the preganglionic neurons originate in the lateral gray matter of this; the axons use the pelvic splanchnic nerves to get terminal or intramural ganglia of the organs in the pelvic cavity
cholinergic - Answer neurons that release acetylcholine
adrenergic - Answer neurons that release norepinephrine
acetylcholine - Answer released by all preganglionic neurons and all parasympathetic