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Hearing and Equilibrium: A Study Guide for Physiology, Exams of Physiology

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and physiology of hearing and equilibrium. It covers key structures like the ear, cochlea, and semicircular canals, and explains how sound waves are transduced into neural signals. The guide also includes detailed explanations of the mechanisms involved in maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/12/2025

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Physiology Lecture 7- Hearing And
Equilibrium-Balance Test Study Guide
pinna - Answer aurical
external auditory meatus - Answer ear canal
tympanic membrane - Answer ear drum
external ear - Answer pinna, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane
middle ear - Answer contains 3 bones: ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes;
pharyngotympanic tube (connects middle ear to throat)
inner ear - Answer vestibule, 3 semicircular ducts, cochlea
vestibule - Answer central area; a bony labyrinth; contains: 2 membranous labyrinths
(utricle and saccule), macula, and 2 membrane covered 'windows' (oval window and
round window)
macula - Answer the utricle and saccule each contain a group of neurons called the
3 semicircular canals - Answer these are bony labyrinths; they are oriented at right
angles to each other; the ends next to the vestibule are enlarged = ampullae; inside each
are the membraneous labyrinths (semicircular ducts); in each semicircular duct, there
is a group of neurons = crista ampullaris
ampullae - Answer enlarged portion of the semicircular canals next to the vestibules
semicircular ducts - Answer membraneous labyrinth inside semicircular canals
crista ampullaris - Answer the group of neurons in the semicircular ducts
cochlea - Answer a coiled bony labyrinth; contains: 3 fluid filled chambers: scala
vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media and 2 separating membranes: vestibular
membrane and basilar membrane
scala vestibuli - Answer a fluid filled chamber between the bone and the vestibular
membrane; extends from the oval window to the tip of the cochlea (helicotrema)
scala tympani - Answer a fluid filled membrane between the bone and the basilar
membrane; extends from the tip of the cochlea (helicotrema) to the round window
scala media - Answer a membraneous, fluid filled labyrinth; it contains a group of
neurons = organ of corti
organ of corti - Answer a group of neurons in the scala media
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Physiology Lecture 7- Hearing And

Equilibrium-Balance Test Study Guide

pinna - Answer aurical external auditory meatus - Answer ear canal tympanic membrane - Answer ear drum external ear - Answer pinna, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane middle ear - Answer contains 3 bones: ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes; pharyngotympanic tube (connects middle ear to throat) inner ear - Answer vestibule, 3 semicircular ducts, cochlea vestibule - Answer central area; a bony labyrinth; contains: 2 membranous labyrinths (utricle and saccule), macula, and 2 membrane covered 'windows' (oval window and round window) macula - Answer the utricle and saccule each contain a group of neurons called the 3 semicircular canals - Answer these are bony labyrinths; they are oriented at right angles to each other; the ends next to the vestibule are enlarged = ampullae; inside each are the membraneous labyrinths (semicircular ducts); in each semicircular duct, there is a group of neurons = crista ampullaris ampullae - Answer enlarged portion of the semicircular canals next to the vestibules semicircular ducts - Answer membraneous labyrinth inside semicircular canals crista ampullaris - Answer the group of neurons in the semicircular ducts cochlea - Answer a coiled bony labyrinth; contains: 3 fluid filled chambers: scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media and 2 separating membranes: vestibular membrane and basilar membrane scala vestibuli - Answer a fluid filled chamber between the bone and the vestibular membrane; extends from the oval window to the tip of the cochlea (helicotrema) scala tympani - Answer a fluid filled membrane between the bone and the basilar membrane; extends from the tip of the cochlea (helicotrema) to the round window scala media - Answer a membraneous, fluid filled labyrinth; it contains a group of neurons = organ of corti organ of corti - Answer a group of neurons in the scala media

vestibular membrane - Answer membrane separating the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani basilar membrane - Answer membrane separating the scala tympani and scala media sound waves - Answer mechanical waves caused by air molecules put into motion amplitude - Answer related to the loudness of sound waves and measured in decibels; higher ____ = louder sound frequency - Answer related to the pitch; higher ____ = higher pitch sound pathway - Answer sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and it oscillates (with the same amplitude and frequency as the sound wave) > malleus oscillates > incus

stapes > oval window > fluid waves in the scala vestibuli are generated organ of corti - Answer the sensory organ for sound; it sits on the basilar membrane; it contains: 2 types of hair cells: so named because of the long sterocilia projecting from them, 3 rows of outer hair cells and 1 row of inner hair cells, supporting cells, an overlying tectorial membrane (tips of the stereocilia are embedded) tectorial membrane - Answer found in the cochlea; where the tips of the stereocilia are embedded sound transduction by the inner hair cells - Answer fluid waves in the cochlea will ultimately cause the bending of the sterocilia, which begins the sensory transduction potassium in the cochlea - Answer concentration of ___ in the fluid around the hair cells is greater than inside of the cochlea vestibular and basilar membranes - Answer these move, causing the bend of the stereocilia once fluid waves strike the cochlear duct (scala media) at rest - Answer 1. the stereocilia are upright and the slight tension by the elastic protein between the stereocilia holds some of the mechanically-gated K+ channels open

  1. causes cell to depolarize
  2. which opens the Ca+ channels
  3. causes release of neurotransmitter
  4. the next neuron is excited and carries information regarding a low frequency of action potentials into the CNS (K+ moves in, cell becomes less negative, depolarize) when the stereocilia are bent towards the tallest ones - Answer more tension is put on the elastic membrane,
  5. more K+ channels open