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A comprehensive overview of the human digestive system, covering its anatomy, physiology, and key processes. It delves into the structure and function of various organs, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The document also explains the role of accessory glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver in digestion. It highlights the different types of digestion, including mechanical and chemical digestion, and the enzymes involved in breaking down food. A valuable resource for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
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anatomy of the digestive system - Answer 2 parts: gastrointestinal tract (mouth to anus) and accessory glands
mucosa - Answer innermost; the principal portion of it is the mucous membrane (the epithelium), which is next to the cavity (lumen); the epithelial cells can be secreting (mucus; enzymes; hormones) or absorptive
submucosa - Answer primarily connective tissue containing the submucosal nerve plexus (controls mucous secreting glands)
submucosal nerve plexus - Answer controls mucous secreting glands
muscularis (externa) - Answer primarily composed of smooth muscle, which contracts in a wave like pattern (peristalsis=keeps food moving in one direction)
peristalsis - Answer keeps food moving in one direction; a wave life pattern
serosa - Answer outermost layer; secretes a watery fluid to allow for organs to slide over one another=peritoneum
mouth - Answer food is masticated here (mechanical digestion) and saliva is added; saliva contains salivary amylase (chemical digestion) which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates
salivary amylase - Answer found in the mouth; chemical digestion; enzyme which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates
pharynx - Answer throat; has skeletal muscle in muscularis externa, thus is voluntarily propels food to the esophagus
esophagus - Answer has skeletal muscle in the upper half and smooth muscle in the lower half; function: voluntary and involuntary movement of food to the stomach
stomach - Answer a sac-like portion of the GI tract with a thick muscular wall for churning food into chyme; it contains gastric gland, which contains cells that secrete gastric juices; gastric juices contains: pariental cells, chief cells, neck mucous cells, surface epithelial cells, G-cells, and some make gastric lipase
parietal cells - Answer secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (IF; needed for vitamin B 12 absorption)
chief cells - Answer secrete pepsinogen (an inactive enzyme) which is needed to activate pepsinogen to pepsin (an enzyme which breaks down proteins)
pepsin - Answer found in the stomach; an enzyme which breaks down protein
neck mucous cells (mucus) and surface epithelial cells (mucus and bicarbonate) - Answer creates the gastric mucosal barrier against self-digestion
gastric lipase - Answer some cells in the gastric gland make a small amount of this
G-cells - Answer gastric glands contain these, which secretes gastrin (a hormone) which is secreted into the surrounding tissue to stimulate the parietal, chief, and gastric lipase cells when the stomach contains food
gastrin - Answer a hormone secreted by the G-cells in the gastric glands; secreted into surrounding tissue to stimulate the parietal, chief, and elastic lipase cells when the stomach contains food
duodenum - Answer receives bile from the liver (for fat digestion) and pancreatic juice (contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (to neutralize the acid)) from the pancreas. in addition, the cells of this make digestive enzymes to assist with carbohydrate and protein digestion; chemical digestion is completed here
jejunum and ileum - Answer primarily concerned with the absorption of nutrients
large intestine - Answer 4 parts: cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anal canal;
function: reabsorption of water
internal anal sphincter - Answer ring of smooth muscle
external anal sphincter - Answer ring of skeletal muscle
saliva contains - Answer bicarbonate (neutralizes acid), mucus (lubricate and soften foods), lysozyme (bacteriocidal enzyme), salivary amylase (initiates carbohydrate chemical digestion), lingual lipase (works on fats)
bicarbonate - Answer neutralizes acid
lysozyme - Answer bacteriocidal enzyme
salivary amylase - Answer initiates carbohydrate chemical digestion
mucus - Answer lubricates and softens food
lingual lipase - Answer works on fats
pancreatic juice contains - Answer bicarbonate (neutralize stomach acid), pancreatic amylase (assists with carbohydrate breakdown), pancreatic lipase (breaks down fats), proteases (breakdown of proteins), and nucleases (breakdown of nucleic acids)
liver - Answer among a multitude of functions, it makes bile
gall bladder - Answer attached to liver, stores bile