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Physiology Exam #3 Muscle Physiology | BIOL 2150 - PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY, Quizzes of Physiology

Class: BIOL 2150 - PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY; Subject: Biology; University: The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey; Term: Fall 2012;

Typology: Quizzes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 10/29/2012

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TERM 1
Endomysium
DEFINITION 1
space between muscle fibers"endo" = within
TERM 2
perimysium
DEFINITION 2
is a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers
into bundles or fascicles."peri" = around
TERM 3
epimysium
DEFINITION 3
- a layer of connective tissue-ensheathsthe entire muscle- It
is composed of dense irregular connective tissue."DEEP
fascia""epi" = above
TERM 4
Tendon
DEFINITION 4
- continuation of fascia- origin / insertion-connects muscle to
bone
TERM 5
sarcolemma
DEFINITION 5
- the cell membrane around the muscle cell
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Endomysium

space between muscle fibers"endo" = within TERM 2

perimysium

DEFINITION 2 is a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles or fascicles. "peri" = around TERM 3

epimysium

DEFINITION 3

  • a layer of connective tissue-ensheathsthe entire muscle- It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue."DEEP fascia""epi" = above TERM 4

Tendon

DEFINITION 4

  • continuation of fascia- origin / insertion-connects muscle to bone TERM 5

sarcolemma

DEFINITION 5

  • the cell membrane around the muscle cell

"A" band

  • anisotropic-myosin and some actin TERM 7

"I" band

DEFINITION 7 -isotropic-no myosin TERM 8

"M" band

DEFINITION 8 -holds myosin together TERM 9

"H" band

DEFINITION 9 -no actin TERM 10

"Z" band

DEFINITION 10

  • actin junctions

What are filaments of a muscle

cell?

they are the cilia and flagella that contain myosin and actin TERM 17

What is Dystrophin?

DEFINITION 17 a type of protein found in muscles used for movement(only in skeletal andcardiac) TERM 18

What are the two contractile Proteins of the

Myofibril?

DEFINITION 18 -myosin-actin TERM 19

What are the two Regulatory Proteins of

Myofibril?

DEFINITION 19 -troponin-tropomyosin TERM 20

What are the Giant Accessory Proteins of

Myofibril?

DEFINITION 20 -titin-nebulin

Microfilaments

  • the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton-more specifically they are highly organized bundles of contracile and elastic proteins that carry out the work of contraction (so myosin and actin) TERM 22

What does the sarcoplasm mitochondrion

do?

DEFINITION 22 the sarcoplasm mitochondrion stores glycogen TERM 23

sliding filament theory

DEFINITION 23 -Ca++ binds to troponin-Uncovers binding site on actin- Activated myosin attaches- Myosin head flexes = sliding of actin toward M line TERM 24

What are the tree Muscle Action Potential

Phases?

DEFINITION 24 -Latent = (AP to onset of contraction)-Contraction-Relaxation TERM 25

What are the three Variations of Muscle AP

Phases?

DEFINITION 25 -speed to contractions of muscle fibers-height (force and strength)-duration

What is Asynchrony? And what type of

contractions is it associated with?

a way of avoiding fatigue by alternating motor units to allow some rest between contraction.prevents fatigue only in sub-maximal contractions TERM 32

What is the Optimal Length of a

Muscle?

DEFINITION 32 -the length at which you get max force TERM 33

SEE: series elastic element

DEFINITION 33 All muscles contain elastic fibers in the tendons and other connective tissue that attach muscles to bone, and in the connective tissue between muscle fibers. All of these elastic components behave collectively as if they were connected in a series to the contractile elements of the muscle. TERM 34

What is Isomeric Contraction? And what does

it create?

DEFINITION 34 Isomeric contraction is a type of contraction without a change in length of tendons, connective tissue, titin, etc. So they all are the same length.This isomeric contraction creates FORCE without movement. TERM 35

What is Isotonic contraction? What can it

do?

DEFINITION 35 A type of contraction without a change in force. aka remains the same tone throughout.Isotonic contraction is used to move loads

What does Concentric mean?

concentric means the shortening of muscles TERM 37

What does Eccentric mean? And what can

happen to this that is not a good thing?

DEFINITION 37 Eccentric means the stretching of musclesif you contract at the same time you stretch it is bad TERM 38

What is the Lever- Fulcrum formed by?

DEFINITION 38 formed by bones and muscles around joints TERM 39

What are Lever-Fulcrum Disadvantages?

DEFINITION 39 the muscle is required to make large amounts of force to move or resis t a small load TERM 40

What are Lever-Fulcrum Advantages?

DEFINITION 40 -it maximizes speed and mobility-If the muscle is inserted farther from the joint, the leverage is better and a contraction creates more rotational force

Type I Skeletal Muscle

slow twitch-oxidative-myoglobin (red muscle) TERM 47

Type IIa Skeletal Muscle

DEFINITION 47 -fast twitch-oxidative TERM 48

Type IIb Skeletal Muscle

DEFINITION 48 -fast twitch-glycolic-white muscle- high glycogen TERM 49

Types of Skeletal Muscle: Facts

DEFINITION 49 -most muscles have all three in varying proportions-motor units only innervate one type-you can't change which one you genetically have more of-but with plasticity , endurance training can determine fiber composition TERM 50

What type of athletes are associated with

Slow twitch?

DEFINITION 50 endurance athletesdistance runnerscross country

What types of athletes are associated with

Fast Twitch?

sprintersice hockeyweight lifters TERM 52

What is Hypertrophy and what does this do to

muscles?

DEFINITION 52 increased growth in muscle fibers,increase in number of actin & myosin (sarcomeres); this is how muscles get bigger. -larger diameter TERM 53

Hyperplasia allows muscles to what? But not

what?

DEFINITION 53 -muscle can split not divide 1) c TERM 54

Atrophy causes what four things in the

body?

DEFINITION 54 -lack of blood supply-muscle fibers get smaller-lack of nerve supply-immobility~ 1 year: muscle cells lose their actin/myosin & becomes fat. Longer than one year usually permanent damage. TERM 55

Muscular Dystrophy

DEFINITION 55 -Inherited muscles are the most difficult to treat. -Duchenne: no dystrophin to link actin to proteins in the cell membrane; very bad!!-tiny tears in membrane allows extracellular Ca++ to leak into the fiber, leads to progressive muscle weakness.-Becker: Dystrophin malformed; membrane leaks out Ca++ and muscle deformed = fibrosis (scar tissue)

The slow wave of a smooth muscle

membrane potential has what two

components located where?

The slow wave membrane potential of a smooth muscle show the depolarization and re-polarization below threshold with occasional AP TERM 62

Relaxation in Smooth Muscle

DEFINITION 62

  1. Free Ca++ in cytosol decreases when Ca++ is pumped out of the cell or back in to SR 2. Ca++ unbinds from Calmodulin (CaM) 3. Myosin phosphatase removes phosphate from myosin, which decreases myosin ATPase activity. 4. Less myosin ATPase results in decreased muscle tension. TERM 63

Two Types of Smooth Muscle

DEFINITION 63 -Single Unit-Multi Unit TERM 64

What do Joint Capsule Receptors (muscle

afferents) do?

DEFINITION 64 Tell the cerebellum and medulla the position of the body to keep posture/balance. TERM 65

Where are Golgi tendon Organs found?

(muscle afferents)

DEFINITION 65 -in tendons

muscle "afferents"

  • going into the muscle TERM 67

What are Extrafusal muscle

fibers?

DEFINITION 67 they are standard muscle fibers ((aka not intrafusal muscle fibers)) TERM 68

What are Intrafusal muscle fibers? (muscle

afferents)

DEFINITION 68 -skeletal muscle fibers that comprise the muscle spindle TERM 69

What does the Stretch of spindle apparatus in

muscle lead to? AND what does that increase?

DEFINITION 69 -A stretch of a spindle apparatus leads to intrafusal stretch- this increases afferent impulses TERM 70

What is an alpha stimulated spindle?

DEFINITION 70 a muscle contraction

paraplegia

an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek: -- "half- striking". ***does not effect the arms TERM 77

quadriplegia

DEFINITION 77 -paralysis caused by illness or injury to a human that results in the partial or total loss of use of a ll their limbs and torso TERM 78

spastic paralysis

DEFINITION 78 Spasticity is a feature of altered skeletal muscle performance in muscle tone involving hypertonia; it is also referred to as an unusual "tightness", stiffness, and/or "pull" of muscles. TERM 79

flaccid paralysis

DEFINITION 79 is a clinical characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause (e.g., trauma). TERM 80

wave summation

DEFINITION 80 -occurs when a given set of cells is repeatedly stimulated without complete relaxation

tetany

is the sustained contraction resulting from high frequency stimulation TERM 82

skeletal muscle contract due to response to

what?

DEFINITION 82 they contract due to a response to Ach from a somatic motor neuron TERM 83

Do single or multiple pathways influence

smooth muscles contraction/relaxation?

DEFINITION 83 multiple pathways influence contraction/relaxation TERM 84

When do skeletal muscles

relax?

DEFINITION 84 They relax when stimuli from contraction ceases TERM 85

What can inhibit smooth muscles?

DEFINITION 85 -multiple neurotransmitters-hormones-paracrinesall acting on a smooth muscle can inhibit it

Do hormones control skeletal muscle

contractions?

no hormones do not control skeletal muscle contractions TERM 92

Which two types of muscles have multiple

layers of control?

DEFINITION 92 cardiac and skeletal muscles have multiple layers of control TERM 93

Do skeletal muscles have striated muscle

tissue?

DEFINITION 93 Yes, skeletal muscles have striated muscle tissue TERM 94

Are skeletal muscles under involuntary or

voluntary control?

DEFINITION 94 skeletal muscles are under voluntary control TERM 95

Which system controls skeletal muscles?

DEFINITION 95 the somatic nervous system controlsskeletal muscles

Are cardiac muscles involuntary or

voluntary?

cardiac muscles are involuntarily controlled TERM 97

Are cardiac muscles striated or

not?

DEFINITION 97 cardiac muscles ARE striated TERM 98

Where are cardiac muscles

found?

DEFINITION 98 cardiac muscles are found in the walls of the heartspecifically found in the myocardium TERM 99

Are skeletal muscle fibers single or multi-

nucleated cells?

DEFINITION 99 skeletal muscle fibers are multi nucleated cells TERM 100

What is Myofibril?

DEFINITION 100 a basic rod like unit of muscle