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basic anatomy and physiology exam and quizz for preapration a set of more than 10 quizzes with answers on different subjects for anatomy and physiology
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Ions and molecules in a solution are continually bumping into each other and mov- ing independently in random directions. This continual motion results in the solute particles and solvent molecules being evenly distributed. Because if there is a greater concentration of one type of molecule in one place compared to elsewhere, the random motion will result in more molecules moving away from that place than are moving towards the place. Diffusion is the name given to this random motion of molecules and ions. If water is the molecule that is moving and it is passing through a semi-permeable membrane from one solution to the solution on the other side, the movement is called “osmosis”. If it is a solute molecule or ion that is passing through a semi-permeable membrane, the movement is called “dialysis”. The result of osmosis is that the more concentrated solution becomes more dilute.
Another way to describe the concentration of a solution is to state its “osmotic pressure” (in pressure units). The osmotic pressure of blood is about 7.3 atmo- spheres (740 kPa). Osmotic pressure is described as the tendency of water to move into a solution via osmosis. The higher the solution’s concentration, the higher is its osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure may be measured by determining the amount of pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent water from entering the solu- tion by osmosis.
Answer is C: dialysis refers to movement of solutes (not water). Choice D is wrong as filtration refers to movement due to hydrostatic pressure difference from the solution under higher pressure to low pressure.
A. water molecules through a membrane from a region of higher concentration of water molecules to a region of lower water molecule concentration. B. solute particles from a region of higher solution concentration to a region of lower solution concentration. C. water molecules from a region of lower concentration of water to a region of higher water molecule concentration. D. solute particles through a membrane from a region of lower solute concen- tration to a region of higher solute concentration. Answer is A: osmosis involves water molecules (not solutes) moving down their concentration gradient into a solution of lower concentration of water molecules.
A. the constant random motion of ions and molecules. B. the movement of ions and molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. C. the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.
D. the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from the side with higher water concentration to the side with lower water concentration. Answer is D: the definition must include water molecules; crossing a SP mem- brane; a correct direction of movement.
A. Diffusion can occur through a biological membrane whereas filtration cannot. B. Filtration can occur through a biological membrane whereas diffusion cannot. C. Filtration is the movement of molecules caused by a pressure difference but diffusion does not involve a difference in pressure. D. Diffusion is the movement of molecules caused by a pressure difference but filtration does not involve a difference in pressure. Answer is C: filtration requires a pressure difference, diffusion does not. Both diffusion and filtration can occur through a membrane.
A. Dialysis involves the movement of solute molecules whereas osmosis refers to water molecules. B. Osmosis involves the movement of solute molecules whereas dialysis refers to water molecules. C. Osmosis involves movement of molecules across a membrane but dialysis does not involve a membrane. D. Dialysis involves movement of molecules across a membrane but osmosis does not involve a membrane. Answer is A: osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules (only) through a membrane. Only choice A is consistent with this.
A. bicarbonate will flow from patient’s blood to dialysing liquid, urea will flow from patient’s blood into dialysing liquid. B. bicarbonate will flow from dialysing liquid to patient’s blood, urea will flow from dialysing liquid into patient’s blood. C. bicarbonate will flow from dialysing liquid to patient’s blood, urea will flow from patient’s blood into dialysing liquid. D. bicarbonate will flow from patient’s blood to dialysing liquid, urea will flow from dialysing liquid to patient’s blood. Answer is C: molecules will flow from areas of high concentration towards areas of low concentration. Hence bicarbonate will flow from the dialysing liquid at 32 to blood at 14 mmol/L, while urea will flow from blood at 23 mmol/L to the dialysing liquid at 0 mmol/L.
A. A: the pressure that needs to be applied to the solution while it is separated from pure water by a membrane, to prevent a net flow of water through the membrane into the solution. B. B: the force with which pure water moves through a membrane into that solution as a result of its solute concentration. C. C: the movement of particles through a membrane, where the movement is caused by a hydrostatic pressure. D. D: it is the force of attraction for water by undissolved particles in the solution. Answer is A: the application of a hydrostatic pressure to a solution in order to oppose and prevent the osmotic flow of water into that liquid is the basis for assigning a value to that solution for its “osmotic pressure”. Osmotic pressure is the value of this externally applied hydrostatic pressure. Choice C describes filtration. Choices B & D are nonsense.
A. water concentration is lower to where it is higher B. solute concentration is higher to where it is lower
C. solution is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated D. water concentration is higher to where it is lower Answer is D: in osmosis water molecules flow down their concentration gradi- ent (and from weaker solutions to more concentrated ones).
A. the pressure exerted by a solution due to its concentration B. a measure of solution concentration expressed in the units of pressure C. the pressure exerted by the blood colloidal plasma proteins D. the pressure that drives water movement out of the arterial end of capillaries Answer is B: Osmotic pressure is a way of expressing solution concentration. The word pressure in the term “osmotic pressure” makes it tempting to errone- ously think of the solution exerting some type of pressure due to its solutes.
A. water moving from the glomerulus of a nephron into the Bowman’s capsule B. water leaving a blood capillary from close to its arteriole end, to enter the interstitial fluid C. water entering a red blood cell that is in a 0.8% sodium chloride solution, by passing through its plasma membrane D. water evaporating from perspiration on the skin Answer is C: Osmosis refers to the movement of water through a membrane in the direction of its concentration gradient. A 0.8 % solution is hypotonic to the contents of the rbc, so water would enter the cell. In both choice A & C, the water is moving due to a hydrostatic pressure difference.