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PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY; Hypothalamus, Study notes of Anatomy

PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY; Hypothalamus.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Available from 07/25/2023

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Hypothalamus
Introduction
:
°
It
is
a
di
encephalic
structure
.
It
in
just
situated
below
thalamus
in
the
ventral
part
g
diencephalon
.
.
It
in
formed
by
groups
y
nuclei
,
scattered
in
the
walls
and
floor
g
third
ventricle
.
It
extends
from
optic
chiasma
to
ma
mill
any
body
.
Nuclei
g
Hypothalamus
:
Three
groups
in
Anterior
or
preoptic
group
(
as
Middle
or
tuber
al
group
(3)
Posterior
or
mammillary
group
Functions
g
Hypothalamus
:
It
in
important
for
homeostasis
.
°
It
regulates
many
vital
functions
g
the
body
like
endocrine
functions
,
hunger
,
thirst
,
emotions
,
sexual
functions
etc
.
Secretion
g
posterior
pituitary
hormones
.
°
Control
g
Anterior
pituitary
.
Control
g
Adrenal
Cortese
by
ACTH
°
Control
g
Adrenal
medulla
by
emotional
stimuli
.
Regulation
g
Autonomic
Nervous
System
.
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Hypothalamus

Introduction :

° It is

a di encephalic structure.^ It in

just

situated below thalamus

in the ventral

part g^ diencephalon^ .

. (^) It in formed (^) by groups y nuclei (^) , scattered in the walls (^) and

floor

g

third ventricle.

  • (^) It extends from optic chiasma to (^) mamill any body^ . Nuclei

g Hypothalamus :

  • (^) Three groups in Anterior^ or preoptic group ( as^ Middle^ or^ tuberal^ group (3) Posterior^ or

mammillary group

Functions

g Hypothalamus

:

  • (^) It in important (^) for

homeostasis.

° (^) It regulates (^) many

vital

functions g

the body like endocrine^ functions , hunger , thirst^ , emotions^ , sexual^ functions etc.

  • (^) Secretion g posterior^ pituitary hormones (^).

° Control

g

Anterior pituitary .

  • (^) Control g Adrenal^ Cortese by ACTH ° Control g Adrenal medulla^ by emotional stimuli^.

Regulation g^ Autonomic Nervous^ System.

Regulation og

Heart Rate.

  • Regulation g^

Blood Pressure -

  • cis^ Heat^ loss^ center^ in^

preoptic

nucleus

  • Regulation g (^) Body temperature^ -^ I^ g Ant . hypothalamus -

dis Heat

gain center (^) in (^) posterior

  • Regulation g^ Hunger & (^) food intake .

hypothalamus

is feeding center nucleus - ciii

satiety

center

  • Regulation y^ water balance. cis Thirst (^) mechanism

dis ADH^ mechanism

Regulation g^ sleep^

and Wakefulness

  • Role in^ behaviour^ and^ emotional^ changes .

Regulation g^ sexual

function

  • Role^ in^ response to^ smell^.
  • Role in^ Circadian^ rhythm^ .

cos (^) Peplidetlechanism Ghrelin secreted (^) in →

stimulated

feeding center → Inc. appetite stomach & food intake^ .

During fasting )

  • Peptides which (^) increases the food intake^ : which^ decreases ca )^ Ghrelin^ food^ intake : ( bi^ N^ europe pled

Y ca^ )^ Leptin

( bi^ Peptide YY ( d^ ,^ Hormonal (^) Mechanism

  • : Inhibit food intake ( i,^ somatostatin (^) Cixi Pancreatic^ polypeptide ciis (^) Oxytocin l"^ cholecyst kinin^.

ciii ,

Glucagon (e^ ,^ Thermostalictlechanism

  • Temp is inversely proportional^ to body temp^ . ° (^) In fever.^ food^ intake^ Y, ° Exact cause not known but it in suggested that the

preoptic

thermo receptors

may act via feeding

center.

Mechanism g Regulation g^ lala ter^ Balance^ : CII (^) Thirsts :^

( Its^ A (^) DH Mechanism : ECF (^) I

gntcnased

Osmolality

ECF

q

and

stellate,

Suptraopkic nucleus^ ( stimulated^ )

I

Aot released - Causes Retention^ g water^ via^ facultative Reabsor

  • p lion

Applied Physiology

  • (^) Lesion

g hypothalamus^

occurs due^ to tumors ,

encephalitis and ischemia. o symptoms detected^ an : ( is^ Disturbance^ in^ Carbohydrate & (^) Fat metabolism.

ciii Disturbance^ in^ sleep due^ to^ lesion^ in^ mami^ Hary

body

. ciii ,^ Disturbance^ in^ ANS ( in^ Emotional^ manifestations . can Disturbance^ in^ sexual^

functions

due to lesion in^ mid^ hypo that

  • (^) aim us^. One

g more^

above

features

can become^ prominent

and results^ in any g^

them :

cis Diabetes^ insipidus ciii (^) Dystrophic

adiposogeni

tale's ciii,^ Kallmann Syndrome

( in^ Laurence^ -^ Moon^ -^ Biedl^ syndrome^

call Narcolepsy.

cut cataplexy.